attraction & relationships

Question 1

What do unfulfilled needs lead to

Answer 1

Psychological and physical pain
Psychosomatic pain
depression and sometimes suicide

Question 2

Define loneliness

Answer 2

Feeling deprived of human connection

Question 3

Define intimate loneliness

Answer 3

lack of partner or best friend

Question 4

Define relational loneliness

Answer 4

Lack of professonal connections (school, work, business, etc.)

Question 5

Define collective loneliness

Answer 5

Lack of group relations

Question 6

Define familial loneliness

Answer 6

Lack of familial connections (estranged, orphaned, loss, etc)

Question 7

What are the two ways of combatting loneliness

Answer 7

Adaptive: friendliness, therapy, group activities, etc.
Maladaptive: Drugs, alcohol, toxic relationships.

Question 8

What factors lead to attraction

Answer 8

Propinquity
Similarity
Reciprocity
Misattribution of Arousal
Warmth and trustworthiness
Attraction & physical appearance
Prestige and attractivness

Question 9

Explain propinquity and how it affects attraction

Answer 9

Close spatial distance is the single greatest predictor of liking. Liking goes up as encounters go up

Question 10

Explain similarity and how it affects attraction

Answer 10

Percieved similarity increases attraction and attraction increases perceived similarity. Both physical and psychological

Question 11

Explain reciprocity and how it affects attraction

Answer 11

people like people who like them. reciprocal self-disclosure.

Question 12

How is “playing hard to get” explained with reciprocity in mind

Answer 12

People want to feel special and unique
Not someone who will fall for anyone
Working to get someone can be rewarding but rejection is a huge turn off.

Question 13

Explain misattribution of arousal and how it affects attraction

Answer 13

High physical arousal in any form can lead to attraction.
High anxiety is shown to result in higher arousal. Couples who engage in adventure sports together report elevated levels of intimacy after activities. Falling in love with kidnapper or an abuser. Refusing to leave toxic relationships.

Question 14

Explain warmth and trustworthiness and how it affects attraction

Answer 14

cues of trust, stability, reliability and long-term intentions = long terjm interest
Short term is the opposite: cues of narcassism, rule-breaking, risk-taking
especially when women rate men

Question 15

Explain attraction & physical appearance and how it affects attraction

Answer 15

Symmetry and proportionality is universally attractive.
Men are more attracive with a strong jaw, cheekbones
Women are more attractive with large eyes and full lips.
Attractive waist-hip ratio: .7 for women, 1.0 for men
Cultural variation for body art, body size, weight, skin colour.

Question 16

Explain status and how it affects attraction

Answer 16

Women rated man in bentley more attractive. Car did not affect mens ratings of women
Women rated man in suit more attractive than same man in Burger King outfit.

Question 17

What are the two basic challenges of organisms

Answer 17

Survival (food, growth, health, defence)
Reproduction (aiding of next generation)

Question 18

What do men and women both want in a partner

Answer 18

Kindness, intelligence, beauty, creativity, charm, wit, status, wealth, etc.

Question 19

What do men emphasise more in their needs for a partner

Answer 19

youth and beauty

Question 20

what do women emphasize more in their needs for a partner

Answer 20

status

Question 21

Why are women more selective and “choosy” about their partners

Answer 21

There is more at stake, it can cost years of investment if they make a mistake. gestation is 9 months, breastfeeding is physically demanding.

Question 22

Explain the peacock principle

Answer 22

Males of many species “show off” to impress females. Humor: men produce more, women judge more. Conspicuous spending: men show off resources especailly when women will notice. Helping behaviour: Men donate far more while on dates.

Question 23

Explain the male short-term mating strategy

Answer 23

More access to mates, possibly more offspring, decrease standards

Question 24

Explain the female short-term mating strategy

Answer 24

More access to resources, high-quality men, increase standards.

Question 25

Explain the long-term mating strategy

Answer 25

Marriage is universal: formal ritual resource exchage, social bonds, families connected. Creates stable home environment, investment. optimal environment for child success. Successful children grow up happy, healthy, securely attached, good parenting. They have easier time securing quality mate.

Question 26

Explain how a stressful environment can affect mating strategies

Answer 26

Stressful environments motivate short-term strategies: inconsistent food, protection, predictability. Have children earlier, have more children, less time and energy invested because the individual may not live that long.

Question 27

explain how a stable, low-stress environment can affect mating strategies

Answer 27

low stress environments motivate long term mating strategies as there is consistent food, protection and predictability so they can afford to wait for the optimal person and invest more time and effort to each of their children of which there will be less of.

Question 28

what are the two functions served by caregivers

Answer 28

Safe base for exploration Secure haven when trouble appears

Question 29

what is secure attachment

Answer 29

the most common type of attachment where the person has a positive view of their self and their partner. The partners rely on one another, and their relationship involves trust, reliability and stability

Question 30

What is anxious attachment

Answer 30

seen in about 25% of the population, more common in women. These individuals fear that others are inconsistent and fear that others may fail them and as such need lots of reassurance which puts pressure on their partners

Question 31

What is avoidant attachment

Answer 31

Seen in about 15% of the population, more common among men. These individuals are more concerned about too much intimacy as relying on others makes them vulnerable and gives them the idea that they need to remain strong and self sufficient and as such can undermine attempts to get closer

Question 32

What are the traits of a secure-attachment relationship

Answer 32

less anger, more constructive responses to conflict

Question 33

What are the traits of an anxious-attachment relationship

Answer 33

Less control of anger, self-directed anger

Question 34

What are the traits of an avoidant-attachment relationship

Answer 34

Hostility, attempt to escape, lack of awareness

Question 35

What is the main difference between a child-parent relationship and an adult relationship

Answer 35

child-parent relationship is a one way relationship - parents give while children receive. while adult relationships are reciprocal - both give and receive.

Question 36

What are the three parts to Sternberg's triangle theory of love

Answer 36

Commitment Intimacy Passion

Question 37

Explain the Sternberg triangle over time

Answer 37

intimacy rise steadily throughout the relationship Passion spikes early and drops off and remains level throughout commitment rises slower than intimacy at the start but rises and remains above it as the relationship continues.

Question 38

What are the four horsemen on the negative spiral in a relationship

Answer 38

Criticism Contempt Defensiveness Stonewalling

Question 39

How do you improve upon a negative spiral in a relationship

Answer 39

Halt the negative spiral - avoid fighting poison with poison and be the bigger person - apologize and de-escalate Initiate positive spiral - do something unexpected and thoughtful