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Social Psych > attitudes and attitude change > Flashcards

attitudes and attitude change Flashcards

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GRE® Psychology flashcards Psychology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is an attitude?

A

lasting organisation of beliefs/feelings/behavioural tendencies towards socially significant objects/events/symbols

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2
Q

what does the Three Component Model of attitudes consist of?

A

affective
cognitive
behavioural

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3
Q

what is affective in the Three Component Model?

A

expression of feelings towards an attitude object

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4
Q

what is cognitive in the Three Component Model?

A

expression of beliefs about an attitude object

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5
Q

what is behavioural in the Three Component Model?

A

overt actions/verbal statements concerning behaviour

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6
Q

which dimensions can attitudes hold?

A

simple or complex

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7
Q

who proposed the function of attitudes?

A

Katz

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8
Q

what are the functions of attitudes?

A

knowledge function
utilitarian function
ego-defensive
value expressive

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9
Q

what is the knowledge function?

A

organise and predict the social world, provides meaning and coherence

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10
Q

what is the utilitarian function?

A

help people achieve positive outcomes and avoid negative outcomes

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11
Q

what is the ego defensive function?

A

protecting your self esteem from a harmful world

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12
Q

what is the value expressive function?

A

facilitate own core values and self concept

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13
Q

which four theories suggest where attitudes come from?

A

mere exposure effect
classical conditioning
instrumental conditioning
self perception theory

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14
Q

who proposed the mere exposure effect?

A

Zajonc

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15
Q

what is the Mere Exposure effect?

A

repeated exposure of a stimulus enhances preference for a stimulus

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16
Q

what is classical conditioning?

A

attitudes learnt from others- repeated association means an object goes from being a neutral stimulus to providing a response

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17
Q

what is instrumental conditioning?

A

attitudes learnt from others: behaviour followed by positive consequences is more likely to be repeated, and this attitude is likely to survive

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18
Q

who provided evidence for instrumental conditioning?

A

Insko- ppts reported a more favourable attitude towards a topic if they received positive rather than negative feedback on the same attitude a week prior

19
Q

who proposed self perception theory?

A

Bem

20
Q

what is self perception theory?

A

gain knowledge of ourselves by making self attributions, can infer our attitudes from our behaviour

21
Q

what are the three techniques to reveal attitudes?

A

self report and experimental paradigms

physiological measures

measures of overt behaviour

22
Q

why do we want to know about attitudes?

A

they predict behaviour
they form the core of self concept

23
Q

what is the issue with measuring attitudes?

A

can be a mismatch, eg) people know smoking is unhealthy but still want to continue

24
Q

what does research suggest about the relationship between attitudes and behaviour?

A

attitudes do predict behaviour, but this relationship is weaker than envisaged

25
Q

what did LePiere’s research suggest about attitudes and behaviour?

A

study on racial prejudice

Chinese couple visited 250 restaurants/coffee shops/hotels and received service 95% of the time without hesitation

in response to a letter of enquiry after, 92% of establishments said they wouldn’t accept members of the Chinese race

26
Q

what did Wicker’s research suggest about the relationship between attitudes and behaviour?

A

attitudes only weakly correlated with behaviour: in a meta analysis the average correlation was .15

27
Q

what did Gregson and Stacey’s research suggest about the relationship between attitudes and behaviour?

A

small positive correlation between general attitudes and alcohol consumption

28
Q

what impacts how well attitudes predict behaviour?

A

how strong the attitude is

whether it is formed through direct experience

how it is measured (how specific the questions are/how closely the questions relate to the behaviours)

29
Q

what did Haddock et al find out about behaviour relating to general experience?

A

attitudes towards assisted suicide were influenced by people’s experience of direct encounters

30
Q

who proposed the theory of planned behaviour?

A

Ajzen

31
Q

what is the theory of planned behaviour?

A

people make decisions as the result of a rational thought process

32
Q

what is the intention behind a behaviour impacted by according to the theory of planned behaviour?

A

attitude towards the behaviour (positive/negative)

subjective norm (social expectations)

perceived behavioural control (control over actions)

33
Q

who proposed cognitive dissonance?

A

Festinger

34
Q

what is cognitive dissonance?

A

unpleasant state of psychological tension generated when a person has 2+ inconsistent cognitions

people then strive to reduce dissonance

35
Q

what happened in Festinger’s study?

A

ppts took part in a boring counting study

told to lie to the next ppt and say the experiment was fun

would either receive nothing, £1 or £20

then asked for their true opinion `

36
Q

what were the results of Festinger’s study?

A

those given nothing said it was boring
those given £1 said they enjoyed it
those given £20 said they didn’t really enjoy it

this is because the £20 felt justification for their lying, whereas £1 felt dissonance so changed their behaviour

37
Q

how can we reduce cognitive dissonance?

A

change behaviour
change cognition
add a new cognition

38
Q

which dual process models highlight the power of persuasion?

A

elaboration likelihood model

heuristic systematic model

39
Q

who proposed the elaboration likelihood model?

A

Petty and Cacioppo

40
Q

who proposed the heuristic systematic model?

A

Chaiken

41
Q

what is the elaboration likelihood model?

A

central route= when the message is followed closely, considerable cognitive effort (analytical, takes time)

peripheral route= when an argument is not well attended to= peripheral cues (temporary changes)

these pathways are independent

42
Q

what is the heuristic systematic model?

A

systematic processing= when the message is attended to carefully- scan and consider possible arguments

heuristic processing= use cognitive heuristics

these pathways can be activated at the same time

43
Q

how does research on attitudes affect attempts to reduce smoking behaviour?

A

which warning is more effective: ‘smoking seriously harms you and others around you?’ or ‘smoking kills’

it depends- if smoking is a source of self esteem for someone, the smoking kills message may make them want to smoke more. however, if this isn’t the case, this won’t happen

Social Psych (9 decks)

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