attitudes Flashcards
What is an Attitude?
An attitude is the feeling attached to a schema.
An attitude is a predisposition to respond to a particular object in a positive or negative
Components of attitudes
Cognition
Evaluation
Behavioural Predisposition
Explain the Cognition component of an attitude
An attitude is based off a set of cognitions or knowledge associated with the attitude object
Explain the Evaluation component of an attitude
the emotion tied to the cognition
Explain the Behavioural component of an attitude
Is the actions that correspond with the belief/ cognition - Believing class is boring, which corresponds with the action of skipping class more often
Formation of attitudes:
Reinforcement
Classical conditioning
Observational learning
Explain Reinforcement
Instrumental conditioning
When we have direct experience with an object, it can shape our attitudes
Explain Classical
- Learnt attitudes through the process of repeated association b/w stimuli
- taking an unconditioned stimuli, and conditioning it to become a conditioned stimuli
** example of a child getting in trouble for being dirty all the time correlating dirty with negative – hears parents talking about “dirty homeless people” and that child may form a negative attitude for this group
Explain Observational
- Learnt attitudes through what you see
- Learning from seeing linkage b/w concepts
What is Cognitive Dissonance, and who created it
Is the mental stress or discomfort experienced by an individual who holds two or more contradictory beliefs, ideas, or values at the same time.
-Leon Festinger (1959)
Types of Dissonance:
Post-decisional Dissonance
Counter-attitudinal Behaviour:
Explain: Post-decisional Dissonance & Counter-attitudinal Behaviour:
- Post-decisional Dissonance:
- Whenever we make a decision, there are some cognitions that are consonant with that decision and other cognitions that are dissonant with it | When you feel unconformable with your decision. - Counter-attitudinal Behaviour:
- When our behaviours contradict existing attitudes we change or adjust our attitudes to resolve dissonance.
How do you Reduce Dissonance
-Which strategies you will use depends on the salience – the path of least resistance Disregard Change/Flip Distort Add a third cognition
An example of Reducing Dissonance: You consider yourself an A student but you fail your midterm
Disregard: ignore or forget the test
Change/Flip: I don’t believe that I am an A student
Distort: “that test wasn’t a fair test”
Add a third cognition: I wasn’t feeling well that day
Cognitive Dissonance experiment:
Festinger- 1956
When Prophecy Fails
Participant observation of doomsday cult in Chicago
- Leader (Keech) communicated with ‘the Guardians”
- Guardians would save cult from global flood at 12am
- Cult members engage in dissonance reduction strategies
- “Our belief in Guardians saved world from flood”
-When the prophecy failed they were faced with cognitive dissonance- so they CHANGED the belief that their worshiping saved the world