attention

Question 0

parallel processing

Answer 0

doing 2 things at once

Question 1

true or false

do most cognitive behaviours involve one cognitive process

Answer 1

not involve more then one cog process

Question 2

serial processing

Answer 2

cascaded processes, serial of event

Question 3

bottom up

Answer 3

external stimulus causes internal cognition

Question 4

top down

Answer 4

processing influenced by the individuals expectations and knowledgge

Question 5

information processing approach

Answer 5

bottom up and serial processing

stimulus-> attention -> perception -> though processes -> decision -> response/action

Question 6

4 approaches to studying cognitiong

Answer 6

1. cognitive psychology
2. computational cognitive science
3. cognitive neuroscience
4. cognitive neuropsychology

Question 7

cognitive psychology?

Answer 7

understanding human cognition by observing people’s behaviour.
Use of experiemntal method

Question 8

computational cognitive science?

Answer 8

use of computational models to further understand human cognition compare the model’s behaviour to human [dual-route cascaded model]

Question 9

cognitive neuroscience?

Answer 9

using info about behaviour AND the brain to understand human behaviour
fMRI, ERPs, MEG

Question 10

cognitive neuropsychology

Answer 10

studying brain-damaged patients to understand human cognition

Question 11

temporal resolution

Answer 11

WHEN an event occurs in the brain

Question 12

spatial resolution

Answer 12

WHERE an event occurs in the brain

Question 13

Event-related potential (ERPs)

+ & -

Answer 13

+
non invasively measures electrical activity in the brain during cog activity
high temporal resolution

• limited spatial resolution (only surface)
  requires many trials
  skull and brain tissue distort electrical fields
  largely blind to subcortical [inner parts of brain]

Question 14

functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

+ & -

Answer 14

measures changes in blood blow during cog activiy (BOLD signal)
\+
non-invasive, indirect measure
spatial resolution is high
-
temporal resolution is poor

Question 15

magneto-ecephalography (MEGs)

+ & -

Answer 15

uses SQUID. measures the magnetic fields produced by the brain’s electrical activity
+
high temporal resolution
moderate spatial resolution
skull is transperent to magnetic fields no distortion like ERPs
-
expensive
Ss must maintain uncomfortable position for long time
new & complicated technology

Question 16

selectivity

Answer 16

FOCUSED attention (how effectively can we select one input and ignore other?)

Question 17

dichotic listening task and shadowing results

Answer 17

only PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS are processed in the unattended message

Question 18

Broadbent’s filter model (bottleneck)

Answer 18

selective filter between sensory register and STM

• prevents overloading of STM selection on basis of physical/perceptual characteristics
• later [semantic] processing for inputs remaining in filter

consistent with cherry (physical unattended processed)
inconsistant with moray; cocktail party

Question 19

treisman’s attenuation model (bottleneck)

Answer 19

an ATTENUATOR turns down the processing of unattended info
- processed info is depended on context [what you’re listening out for]
- partially processed info exceed threshold of conscious awareness
explain MORAY; meaningful context reduces threshold

Question 20

deutch & deutch’s late selection model (bottleneck)

Answer 20

info is analysed fully without attention, bottleneck is later at selection for action (response)
- cannot shadow 2 messages

Question 21

which 2 models explain both theories … bottlenecks

Answer 21

attenuation and late selection

Question 22

treisman & rileys dichotic lsitening task experiement showed which model to be more effective

Answer 22

suported the attenuation model.

turned down the proccessing in unattended message

Question 23

flexible bottleneck view

Answer 23

location of bottleneck is flexible.

slection occurs as early in processing as possible to minimise demands on capacity

Question 24

results of johnston and wilsons dichotic listening task experiment with target and non target words (organ)

Answer 24

meaning of (non target) was processed when attention was divided over two ears but not when attention was focused on the other ear

Question 25

how is automaticity developed

Answer 25

practice

Question 26

charaacteristics of automaticity

Answer 26

fast
require less attentional capacity (can perform other task simultaneously)
inflexible
unavoidable

Question 27

ain finding of shiffrin and schneiders experiemnt of target detection (automaticity)

Answer 27

automatic processes are unavoidable

Question 28

logan’s instance theory

Answer 28

automaticity is memory retrieval
a single-step direct-access retreival from a memory episide rather than application of rules (e.g., 1+1 don’t think of rules of algorithm)