attention Flashcards
parallel processing
doing 2 things at once
true or false
do most cognitive behaviours involve one cognitive process
not involve more then one cog process
serial processing
cascaded processes, serial of event
bottom up
external stimulus causes internal cognition
top down
processing influenced by the individuals expectations and knowledgge
information processing approach
bottom up and serial processing
stimulus-> attention -> perception -> though processes -> decision -> response/action
4 approaches to studying cognitiong
- cognitive psychology
- computational cognitive science
- cognitive neuroscience
- cognitive neuropsychology
cognitive psychology?
understanding human cognition by observing people’s behaviour.
Use of experiemntal method
computational cognitive science?
use of computational models to further understand human cognition compare the model’s behaviour to human [dual-route cascaded model]
cognitive neuroscience?
using info about behaviour AND the brain to understand human behaviour
fMRI, ERPs, MEG
cognitive neuropsychology
studying brain-damaged patients to understand human cognition
temporal resolution
WHEN an event occurs in the brain
spatial resolution
WHERE an event occurs in the brain
Event-related potential (ERPs)
+ & -
+
non invasively measures electrical activity in the brain during cog activity
high temporal resolution
- limited spatial resolution (only surface)
requires many trials
skull and brain tissue distort electrical fields
largely blind to subcortical [inner parts of brain]
functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
+ & -
measures changes in blood blow during cog activiy (BOLD signal) \+ non-invasive, indirect measure spatial resolution is high - temporal resolution is poor
magneto-ecephalography (MEGs)
+ & -
uses SQUID. measures the magnetic fields produced by the brain’s electrical activity
+
high temporal resolution
moderate spatial resolution
skull is transperent to magnetic fields no distortion like ERPs
-
expensive
Ss must maintain uncomfortable position for long time
new & complicated technology
selectivity
FOCUSED attention (how effectively can we select one input and ignore other?)
dichotic listening task and shadowing results
only PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS are processed in the unattended message
Broadbent’s filter model (bottleneck)
selective filter between sensory register and STM
- prevents overloading of STM selection on basis of physical/perceptual characteristics
- later [semantic] processing for inputs remaining in filter
consistent with cherry (physical unattended processed)
inconsistant with moray; cocktail party
treisman’s attenuation model (bottleneck)
an ATTENUATOR turns down the processing of unattended info
- processed info is depended on context [what you’re listening out for]
- partially processed info exceed threshold of conscious awareness
explain MORAY; meaningful context reduces threshold
deutch & deutch’s late selection model (bottleneck)
info is analysed fully without attention, bottleneck is later at selection for action (response)
- cannot shadow 2 messages
which 2 models explain both theories … bottlenecks
attenuation and late selection
treisman & rileys dichotic lsitening task experiement showed which model to be more effective
suported the attenuation model.
turned down the proccessing in unattended message
flexible bottleneck view
location of bottleneck is flexible.
slection occurs as early in processing as possible to minimise demands on capacity
results of johnston and wilsons dichotic listening task experiment with target and non target words (organ)
meaning of (non target) was processed when attention was divided over two ears but not when attention was focused on the other ear
how is automaticity developed
practice
charaacteristics of automaticity
fast
require less attentional capacity (can perform other task simultaneously)
inflexible
unavoidable
ain finding of shiffrin and schneiders experiemnt of target detection (automaticity)
automatic processes are unavoidable
logan’s instance theory
automaticity is memory retrieval
a single-step direct-access retreival from a memory episide rather than application of rules (e.g., 1+1 don’t think of rules of algorithm)
