Attention

Question 1

Overexclusive

Answer 1

Birth to 5

Question 2

Overinclusive

Answer 2

5 to 11

Question 3

Selective

Answer 3

11+

Question 4

Amount of capacity (short term memory)

Answer 4

Can be focused to stimuli

Can be used in working memory

can be used in long term store search

Question 5

Attention Span

Answer 5

Paying attention (vigilance)

“children have short attention spans” NOT TRUE

Children attend to self-selected infromation as long or longer than adults

children do not attend to adult selected information

adults may be demonstrate more “will” or discipline regarding attention

Question 6

Short term memory stores

Answer 6

The “stores” keep an exact copy ( for a brief time…. Either perceive it or it decays)

Proprioceptive or Kinesthetic information
Vestibular apparatus
Mechanoreceptors
Golgi Tendon organs, Ruffini endings etc.

Vision (Dominate)

Audition

Question 7

Vision

Answer 7

Visual acuity improves from birth to school at ( 5 years)

Around 40 vision begins to decline

with age disease further impairs vision

Question 8

Glaucoma

Answer 8

Peripheral vision disease

Question 9

Macular degeneration

Answer 9

Central Vision disease

Question 10

Cataracts

Answer 10

All visions is fuzzy disease

Question 11

Eye dominace

Answer 11

developed by 3 years (75% of kids)

by 5 years (95% of kids)

relationship between visual and hand dominance
1 unclear
2 shouldnt be "changed"
3 mixed (Crossed-laterals) may be an advantage

depth perception requires both eyes to work together.

Question 12

Depth Perception

Answer 12

Infants use depth perception to reach for objects

visual cliff experiments

pre-school children often say something is “small” when it is at a distance

Question 13

Sensory to perception

Answer 13

Perception is when we attach meaning to stimuli (sensory information)

Question 14

Vision in movment

Answer 14

Ambient ( peripheral…. perhaps 1000 changes per second)

Focal ( reading)

Question 15

how long is movment

Answer 15

punch in the nose 40 milliseconds

baseball bat swing 100 ms

tennis stroke 200 ms

tennis serve 300 ms

Question 16

Kinesthetic info

Answer 16

Muscle spindles 30-50 ms

other proprioceptors 50-120 ms

reaction time 120-180 ms (simple)

for young adults

kids slower and less accurate, elderly probably the same as kids

Question 17

sensation and perception

Answer 17

by school age (5 years old)

most sensory systems are well developed

perception is slower

cognition is much slower

skill is slower

Question 18

Sensation and perception part 2

Answer 18

Sensory receptors are complete early in life

understanding the information (perception) develops slowly

Sensory receptors generally deteriorate with age

perception helps “compensate”

Question 19

short term or working memory

Answer 19

assigning meaning to sensory information (perception)

simple decisions (go, no-go)

memorizing

complex decisions

Question 20

feedback

Answer 20

Post Knowledge of results interval (time to think about feedback)

Precision of Knowledge of Results (developmentally appropiate )

frequency (50% and faded)

Modality (visual, verbal, physcial)

Question 21

practice and feedback

Answer 21

two most important variables in motor learning

practice (rehearsal)
children dont practice till age 7
children dont practice effectively until age 12

feedback (extrinsic information)
children dont use feedback as quickly as adults

children use less precise feedback than adults

Question 22

Memory strategies

Answer 22

Labeling
2 years of age single words
progresses rapidly

Rehearsal
rote at 7
mixed at 11

Question 23

Memory strat ( GROUPING)

Answer 23

improves dramatically at 11-12

Question 24

Memory strategy (CHUNKING)

Answer 24

Improve dramatically at 11-12

Question 25

memory strategy SEARCH

Answer 25

IMPROVE dramatically at 11-12

Question 26

Meta memory

Answer 26

knowing about knowing
how to learn
how much you can do

overarching strategies

teaching strategies does not transfer

Question 27

Specific strategies

Answer 27

putting the memory item in sight

associating a cue ( door knob)

counting steps

adults have these and use them

Question 28

Conclusions

Answer 28

timing is a key factor in sport (and music) and can be taught

Question 29

children’s processing

Answer 29

children process more slowly than adults

children process more quickly with age

children dont have strategies