Attention Flashcards
Overexclusive
Birth to 5
Overinclusive
5 to 11
Selective
11+
Amount of capacity (short term memory)
Can be focused to stimuli
Can be used in working memory
can be used in long term store search
Attention Span
Paying attention (vigilance)
“children have short attention spans” NOT TRUE
Children attend to self-selected infromation as long or longer than adults
children do not attend to adult selected information
adults may be demonstrate more “will” or discipline regarding attention
Short term memory stores
The “stores” keep an exact copy ( for a brief time…. Either perceive it or it decays)
Proprioceptive or Kinesthetic information
Vestibular apparatus
Mechanoreceptors
Golgi Tendon organs, Ruffini endings etc.
Vision (Dominate)
Audition
Vision
Visual acuity improves from birth to school at ( 5 years)
Around 40 vision begins to decline
with age disease further impairs vision
Glaucoma
Peripheral vision disease
Macular degeneration
Central Vision disease
Cataracts
All visions is fuzzy disease
Eye dominace
developed by 3 years (75% of kids)
by 5 years (95% of kids)
relationship between visual and hand dominance 1 unclear 2 shouldnt be "changed" 3 mixed (Crossed-laterals) may be an advantage
depth perception requires both eyes to work together.
Depth Perception
Infants use depth perception to reach for objects
visual cliff experiments
pre-school children often say something is “small” when it is at a distance
Sensory to perception
Perception is when we attach meaning to stimuli (sensory information)
Vision in movment
Ambient ( peripheral…. perhaps 1000 changes per second)
Focal ( reading)
how long is movment
punch in the nose 40 milliseconds
baseball bat swing 100 ms
tennis stroke 200 ms
tennis serve 300 ms
Kinesthetic info
Muscle spindles 30-50 ms
other proprioceptors 50-120 ms
reaction time 120-180 ms (simple)
for young adults
kids slower and less accurate, elderly probably the same as kids
sensation and perception
by school age (5 years old)
most sensory systems are well developed
perception is slower
cognition is much slower
skill is slower
Sensation and perception part 2
Sensory receptors are complete early in life
understanding the information (perception) develops slowly
Sensory receptors generally deteriorate with age
perception helps “compensate”
short term or working memory
assigning meaning to sensory information (perception)
simple decisions (go, no-go)
memorizing
complex decisions
feedback
Post Knowledge of results interval (time to think about feedback)
Precision of Knowledge of Results (developmentally appropiate )
frequency (50% and faded)
Modality (visual, verbal, physcial)
practice and feedback
two most important variables in motor learning
practice (rehearsal)
children dont practice till age 7
children dont practice effectively until age 12
feedback (extrinsic information)
children dont use feedback as quickly as adults
children use less precise feedback than adults
Memory strategies
Labeling
2 years of age single words
progresses rapidly
Rehearsal
rote at 7
mixed at 11
Memory strat ( GROUPING)
improves dramatically at 11-12
Memory strategy (CHUNKING)
Improve dramatically at 11-12
memory strategy SEARCH
IMPROVE dramatically at 11-12
Meta memory
knowing about knowing
how to learn
how much you can do
overarching strategies
teaching strategies does not transfer
Specific strategies
putting the memory item in sight
associating a cue ( door knob)
counting steps
adults have these and use them
Conclusions
timing is a key factor in sport (and music) and can be taught
children’s processing
children process more slowly than adults
children process more quickly with age
children dont have strategies
