Attachment (Week 2)

Question 1

Attachment

Answer 1

A close emotional bond between two people.

Question 2

Internal Working Model (Bowlby)

Answer 2

• Rules and expectations regarding relationships.
• These models (schemas) are used as a template for future relationships.
• Infants and their caregivers are biologically predisposed to form attachments
• Attachment develops in a series of phases, moving from a baby’s general preference for human beings to a partnership with primary caregivers.

Question 3

4 Distinguishing Characteristics of Attachment

Answer 3

1. Proximity Maintenance

• The desire to be near the people we are attached to.

2. Safe Haven

• Returning to the attachment figure for comfort and safety in the face of a fear or threat.

3. Secure Base

• The attachment figure acts as a base of security from which the child can explore the surrounding environment.

4. Seperation Distress

• Anxiety that occurs in the absence.

Question 4

The Strange Situation Procedure (SSP)

Answer 4

• In this experiment, the mother leaves the baby in an unfamiliar room, first with a stranger and then alone.
• The infants behaviour when the mother returns is coded to reflect the nature of their relationship.

Question 5

Securely Attached Babies

Answer 5

Use the caregiver as a secure base from which to explore the environment.

• When the mother is present they explore and play freely.

Infant cries or protests when the mother leaves and actively seeks out the caregiver upon return.

Have caregivers who provide them with sensitive care.

Question 6

Sensitive Care

Answer 6

Care giving that is consistent and responsive.

Question 7

Insecure Avoidant Babies

Answer 7

• Show insecurity by avoiding the mother.
• The infant rarely cries when separated from the mother.
• May not make eye contact or may pretend not to notice when she returns.

Question 8

Insecure Resistant/Ambivalent Babies

Answer 8

• When a mother is present, the child will stay close by and hover.
• Anxious before the mother leaves, extremely upset during her absence, and both seeks and resists contact (angry and upset).
• Cling to the caregiver, then resist her by fighting against the closeness.

Question 9

Insecure Disorganized Babies

Answer 9

• Disorganized and disoriented.
• Fearful.
• Inconsistent behaviour.
• Overwhelmed by stress.
• Freezing behaviour.

Question 10

Earned Secure

Answer 10

• Adults who overcome insecure or harsh parenting in childhood.

Question 11

Authoritative Parenting

Answer 11

• Warm and sensitive.
• Encourage children to be independent but still places limits and controls on their actions.
• Extensive verbal give and take is allowed.

Question 12

Authoritarian Parenting

Answer 12

• “Because I said so!”
• A restrictive, punitive style of parenting.
• Children are forced to follow parent’s directions and to respect their work and effort.
• Firm limits and controls are placed on the child with little verbal exchange allowed.
• Outcomes: fearful, anxious, low self-esteem, and vulnerable to stress.

Question 13

Indulgent/Permissive Parenting

Answer 13

• Parents place few demands or controls on their child.
• They can do whatever they want whenever they want.
• Encourages free expression of children’s impulses.
• High autonomy.
• Outcomes: dependent, demanding on adults, and few goals.

Question 14

Uninvolved Parenting

Answer 14

• The parent is uninvolved in the child’s life, indifferent, or actively neglectful.
• Minimize costs in time and effort with the child.
• Little monitoring.
• Outcomes: poor school achievement, low self-esteem, and delinquency.