Attachment descriptions Flashcards

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1
Q

Attachment definition

A

A close 2 way emotional bond in which each individual sees the other as essential for their own emotional security

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2
Q

Reciprocity

A

From 1 month, babies respond to parents behaviour and illicit a response

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3
Q

Interactional synchrony

A

Melzoff and moore
Found babies could imitate facial and manual gestures of an adult

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4
Q

Development of attachment
Researchers, description + results (%)

A

Schaffer and Emerson
-Longitudinal observational study on 60 infants
-Studied at monthly intervals for 18 months
-Mother reported infants response to 7 everyday situations
-Up to 3 months indiscriminate attachment
-4 months preference of certain people
-7 months special preference for 1 attachment figure
-9 months multiple attachments
-Mother was main attachment figure for 65% of children

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5
Q

Stages of attachment

A

-Asocial 0-6 weeks
-Indiscriminate 6wks to 6 months - prefer human company, don’t prefer specific individuals
-Specific 7-9 months - show separation + stranger anxiety
-Multiple 9 months onwards

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6
Q

4 factors affecting a secure attachment

A

-degree of sensitivity
-type of attachment to their own parents
-marital intimacy
-supportive co-parenting

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7
Q

Role of the father
3 research

A

Hardy- fathers are less able to detect low levels of distress in infants
Geiger- father’s play was more exciting, while mothers are more nurturing and affectionate
Lamb- fathers who became main care providers quickly developed and were more sensitive to a child’s needs

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8
Q

Imprinting
aim, procedure, results

A

Lorenz
-investigate the mechanisms of imprinting
-divided gosling eggs into 2 groups
-one group left with natural mother, other in incubator
-incubator eggs saw Lorenz as first moving object so followed him around
-found Lorenz’s goslings shoed no recognition of natural mother
-critical period between 13-16 hrs

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9
Q

Effects of privation
pps, procedure, results

A

Harlow
-separated 16 monkeys from mother at birth
-put in cages with 2 surrogate mothers
-1 was wire and gave them food
-other was cloth without food
-monkeys spent more time on cloth mother
-shows contact comfort is more important in attachments than food

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10
Q

privated monkey behaviour

A

-timid
- didn’t know how to behave around other monkeys, were aggressive
-difficulty mating
-females were inadequate mothers, some killed offspring

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11
Q

Learning theory of attachment

A

Dollard and Miller
-Classical conditioning- learning through association
Food=UCS gives UCR=pleasure
Caregiver=NS when NS is paired with UCS it causes baby to associate caregiver with feeling of pleasure (CR)

-Operant conditioning- learning through reinforcement
Behaviour resulting in positive rewards is positively reinforced

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12
Q

Bowlby’s monotropic theory of attachment

A

-attachment is an innate, reciprocal process
-evolutionary function, well attached=protected
-babies born with social releasers eg.smiling to make parents love the baby
-form one main attachment which provides an internal working model for all attachments
-need to attach before the age of 3 (critical period)
-law of continuity- more predictable the care, stronger the attachment
-law of accumulated separation- effects of separation add up

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13
Q

Strange situation
pps, procedure, %s

A

Mary Ainsworth
-100 middle class American infants + mothers
-controlled observation
-8 situations each lasting 3 mins
-observers recorded infants willingness to explore, separation anxiety, stranger anxiety, reunion behaviour
-66% securely attached
-22% insecure avoidant
-12% insecure resistant

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14
Q

Cross cultural variations in attachment

A

Ijzendoorn + Kroonenberg
-meta analysis of 32 studies in 8 countries using strange situation
-studied over 2000 babies
-most secure in GB with 75%
-most avoidant in Germany 35%
-most resistant in Israel 29%

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15
Q

Bowlby’s theory of maternal deprivation

A

-strong attachment to mother was essential for development of babies
-loss of existing attachment can cause long lasting problems eg. affectionless psychopathy
-if separated from primary caregiver for long durations in first 2.5 yrs of life (critical period) damage was inevitable
-children deprived of maternal care will have abnormally low IQs
-lack emotional development, so can cause affectionless psyhchopathy

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16
Q

Effects of institution
research

A

Rutter - English and Romanian adoptee study
-followed a group of 165 Romanian orphans adopted in Britain
-compared to 52 British children adopted by the age of 6mths
-tested regularly for physical, social + cognitive development
-Romanian orphans lagged behind control group in all aspects of development
-but by the age of 4 orphans had caught up with the control group
-so long term consequences are less severe than first thought if children can form attachments early

17
Q

Disinhibited attachment

A

Child doesn’t prefer their parents over other people, they seek comfort and attention from anyone

18
Q

Privation

A

occurs when children have never formed an attachment

19
Q

Deprivation

A

occurs when children are separated from their primary attachment

20
Q

Ex-institutional children
research

A

Hodges + Tizard
-longitudinal, natural study
-65 children from an institution who had experienced early privation
-24 adopted, 15 returned to natural homes (restored)
-found adopted children formed closer attachments
-both groups were more likely to seek for adult attention/ approval

21
Q

Effects of institutionalisation

A

-physical underdevelopment- usually smaller
-intellectual under-functioning
-disinhibited attachment- attention seeking, clingy towards all adults
-poor parenting

22
Q

Childhood relationships research

A

Stroufe et al.
-longitudinal study
-followed children from 12 months to adolescence
-children who were securely attached were more popular, had more initative, had higher self esteem etc.

23
Q

Love quiz
aim, procedure

A

Hazan + Shaver
-investigated correlation between early attachment type and future romantic relationships
-quiz consisted of 2 components- measure of attachment type + love experience questionnaire
-printed in local newspaper
-attachment types classified according to Mary Ainsworth type of attachment
-found high correlation between infant attachment types and adult romantic love styles