Attachment AO1

Question 1

Caregiver interactions

Answer 1

• Reciprocity - respond + elicit responses, mother do 2/3 of the time
• Interactional synchrony - actions are simultaneous , Melzoff and Moore filmed responses parents given 1 out of 3 facial gestures, Isabella says high synchrony = better attachment

Question 2

Stages of attachment

Answer 2

1) Asocial (few weeks) people & objects indifferent
2) Indiscriminate (2-7m) people better, no anxiety
3) Specific (7m) - sep anxiety, primary attachment figure
4) Multiple (1yr) - secondary attachments

Schaffer abd Emmerson - 60 glasgow babies, mother asked about anxiety, specific attachment with most interactive

Question 3

Role of father

Answer 3

• 3% primary attachment
• 75% secondary attachment
• Grossman - fathers attachment is less important for adolescent attachment
• Father is for play and stimulation

Question 4

Harlow and Lorenz

Answer 4

Harlow’s monkeys;
- 16 monkeys, wired vs cloth
- Scary situations (alone in strange place, loud noises)
- Monkeys deprives of mother = more aggressive adults
- Went to wired mother (comfort above food)

Lorenz imprinting;
- randomly divided clutch geese eggs
- 1/2 mother in natural environment
- 1/2 with lorenz in incubator
- Found critical period

• Glove - first movement so became attached (chickens)

Question 5

Learning theory

Answer 5

• CC = caregiver (NS) + food (UCS) = caregiver (CS) + pleasure (CR)
• OC = crying gets response (food) negative reinforcement
• Hunger = primary drive
• Attachment = secondary drive (caregiver generalised to food)

Question 6

Monotropic theory

Answer 6

• Law of continuity - constant care , better attachment
• Law of accumulated - safest dose is 0 dose (separation)
• Social releasers (smiling) - adult social interactions
• 1st attachment forms internal working model

Question 7

Strange situation

Answer 7

1) Baby explores
2) Stranger enters
3) Caregiver leaves
4) Caregiver returns & stranger leaves
5) Baby alone
6) Stranger returns
7) Caregiver returns

• Secure (60-75%) , explores, moderate anxiety, accepts comfort on reunion
• Insecure avoidant (20-25%), no proximity or anxiety, accepts comfort on reunion
• Insecure resistant (3%), greater proximity, anxiety resists comfort

Question 8

Maternal deprivation

Answer 8

• Separation - not physically present
• Deprivation - lack emotional care
• Critical period = 2 1/2 years
• 44 delinquent teens caught stealing and were interviewed
• 12/44 = affectionless psychology - experienced mother separation in 2 years

Question 9

Institutionalisation

Answer 9

• 156 romanian orphans
• adopted before 6 months = IQ 102
• adopted after 2 years = IQ 77 (clingy)
• Used in strange situation with 95 children, only 19% securely attached
• Disinhibited attachment - friendly to strangers and well known

Question 10

Influence on later relationships

Answer 10

• Securely attached less likely to be bullies
• 620 respondants to love quiz, secure respondants = long lasting relationships, avoidant = fear intimacy