Approaches AO1

Question 1

Introspection

Answer 1

• Wundt set up first ever lab for psychological enquiry
• Describe nature of human conscience (introspection)
• Broke down conscious thought
• Introspection = person gains knowledge about their own mental/emotional state.
• Wundt - used ticking metronome (stimuli) asked ppts to reflect on experience (how it made them think/feel)

Question 2

Behaviourism

Answer 2

• Classical conditioning and operant conditioning
• CC is learning through association
  UCS = UCR
  UCS + NS = UCR
  CS = CR
• Pavlov’s dogs learned to salivate at sound of bell as it was paired with food
• Skinner, OC learning through reinforcement (behaviour is shaped and maintained by consequences)
• Positive reinforcement = receiving a reward for behaviour e.g. praise
• Negative reinforcement = avoiding something unpleasant e.g. avoiding detention
• Punishment = unpleasant consequence e.g. shouted at

Question 3

Social Learning Theory

Answer 3

• Bandura - behaviour could be acquired
• Modelling - someone carries out behaviour
• Identification - extent to which the individual relates to the model
• Imitation - imitating attitudes/behaviour
• Need internal mediational processes (thinking); attention, retention (remembering behaviour), motor reproduction (being able to carry out behaviour) and motivation (wanting to carry out behaviour)
• Bandura found if kids rewarded for agressive behaviour, were likely to imitate

Question 4

Biological

Answer 4

• Stem Darwin’s theory evolution
• Any genetically determined behaviour that enhances an individual’s survival will be passed on (natural selection)
• ## The brain has hemispheres and lobes

Question 5

Humanistic

Question 6

Psychodynamic