Attachment advanced info

Question 1

AO1

What was the aim of Harlows study

Answer 1

Harlow wanted to see whether a baby could survive without love.

Question 2

A01

What was the procedure of harlows study

Answer 2

• Had two types of mothers, a cloth and wire mother dispensed milk
• reared 16 monkeys
• rhesus monkeys were observed for 165 days and measurements were taken of how much time they spent with the mother
• observations were also made when the monkeys were frightened, but a loud noise or banging

Question 3

AO1

What were the findings of Harlows study

Answer 3

• all monkeys spent more time with cloth mother than wire mother
• whens scared the monkeys sought comfort from cloth mother not wire mother
• this suggusts an attacment is formed with the person who comforts them and not feeds

Question 4

AO1

What was the long term effects of Harlows study

Answer 4

Long term effects

• In a variation where some monkeys were only shown to teh wire mother, this happened
• socially abnormal (didn’t know how to act aound other monkeys)
• monkeys rocked back and forth
• mutilate themselves
• sexually abnormal (didn’t know how to mate)
• Harlow said teh ctrical peroid is 90 days and if an attachment was not formed then it would affect the monkeys neagtivuylu

Question 5

A strength of Harlows research is that it has had real-world applications

Answer 5

research had a significant effect on understanding of attachment

• Howe et al said that it helped clinical psychologist and social workers understand the importance of bonding. Which allowed them to intervene in situations where they may have been a negative outcome
• Despite the harm caused to the monkeys, this research positive implications on how we view attachment

Question 6

A03

A limitation of Harlows study is that it is unethical

Answer 6

• Some of the Rhesus monkey’s went through psychological trauma, and stress.
• Caused long term effects on the monkeys like being unable to form healthy relationships
• also monkeys quite similarly to humans so they may have suffered
• argue his research has had practical applications

Question 7

A03

A limitation of Harlows evidence is that it is hard to generalise to humans

Answer 7

• Humans and animals have different cognitions and motivations, so it could be argued that attachment research on animals may not explain attachment in humans
• However research by Schaffer and Emerson highlighted how babies attached to the caregiver that responded to their cues and not the one who fed them
• This research suggests that human and animal attachment may not be so different, despite this it could be argued that attachment in humans may be more complex.

Question 8

AO1

Outline the procedure Lorenz used

Answer 8

-Took some goslings eggs and divided them into 2
One was left with mother, whilst other group was left in incubator
–When eggs hatched one group saw Lorenz first the other saw their mother
-To test who they imprinted to Lorenz placed all the goslings in a box and lifted it to see who they came to

Question 9

AO1

What were the findings of Lorenz’s study

Answer 9

• Incubator group followed Lorenz everywhere whereas as control group followed their mother
• Lorenz called this imprinting
• identified a critical period was a few hours
• Lorenz investigated imprinting and adult mate preferences and found that birds that imprinted on humans were tried to mate with humans

Question 10

AO3

There is supporting research for Lorenz

Answer 10

• strength: there is supporting is evidence for the concept of imprinting
• Evidence: Regoilin et vallorigara (1995), chicks were exposed to simple shape combinations that moved like a triangle with a rectangle in front
• a range of shapes were then shown to the chicks but they followed the orignal the closest
• another study by Guilton found that when chicks were shown a yellow glove they imprinted and followed.
• Also found chicks tried to mate with glove
• this supports the view that young animals are born with an innate mechanism to imprint on a moving object present in the critical period during development

Question 11

AO3

A limitation of Lorenz’s research is

Answer 11

-hard to generalise data on birds to humans
-mamilian attachment system is different for example for mamals it is a two way process, as not only does the child bond to the mother, but the mother bonds to the child
-therefore it may not be approiate to generalise the fndings in terms of attachment, however it could be used in teh scence that humans attach to other things.
-Seeback found that humans show baby duck syndrome, which is when human attach to first operating system and reject other.
Therefore imprinting could be a useful exlanation of human attachment with inaminate objects that mean things to them

Question 12

AO3

A limitation of Lorenz is that there is conflicting evidence

Answer 12

• For years it was thought that imprinting was an irreversible process, that was permanently stamped onto the nervous system
• However, it is now thought that imprinting mechanism and forcible (Hoffman)
• Guiton also found that after spending a while with their won species they began to engage with normal sexual behaviour with other chickens
• This shows imprinting may not be different from other types pf learning. As learning can take place rapidly with conscious thought but can also be reversed

Question 13

SO1

Who came up with the learning theory of attachment

Answer 13

• Dollard and Miller
• this is known as cupboard love as it places emphasis on the attachment figure as being the provider of food
• Learning theory of attachment proposes that all behaviour is learnt rather than an innate biological behaviour
• They also believe children are born blank slates.

Question 14

AO1

Outline the classical conditioning approach to attachment

Answer 14

• Classical conditioning of attachment involves the child associating two stimuli together
• The unconditional stimulus of food is associated with the unconditional response of pleasure
• the caregiver starts as the neutral stimulus however after time they are become associated with the food
• So when the baby expects the caregiver to have food with them when they see them (so the caregiver is the conditioned stimulus)
• Eventually, the child associate the conditioned stimulus (caregiver) with the conditioned response of pleasure
• attachment is formed

Question 15

Outline the operant conditioning explanation of attachment

Answer 15

• Learning from consequences
• In attachment babies cry which leads to a response from the caregiver like food or comfort
• this reinforces the behaviour of crying
• so when the baby needs something it will cry this is an example of positive reinforcement
• For the caregiver, they experience negative reinforcement because the crying (unpleasant behaviour) stops, so providing food, comfort etc when a child is crying is reinforced
• this is how attachment happens

Question 16

AO1

What is the idea of attachment being a secondary drive

Answer 16

-Sears et al suggested the idea of drive reduction theory.
-Hunger is a primary drive, it is innate etc.
The secondary drive will help you receive your primary drive, meaning attachment.
-So a baby will form an attachment in order to satisfy their primary drive.

Question 17

AO3

Learning theory has conflicting evidence from animal studies

Answer 17

Harlow and Harlow

• they found that when monkeys were observed they spent 18 hours a day with cloth mother the mother that provided them with warmth
• therefore this illustrates how learning approach of attachment may not explain why the rhésus monkeys attached to the cloth mother

Question 18

AO3

Conflciting evidence from human studies

Answer 18

Schaffer and Emerson
They found that the caregiver that infants attached to was the one that responded to their cues
-65% this was the mother
-moreover Tronick studied the efe tribe Zaire. Infants breastfed by different mothers but slept with own mother at night. At 6 months child showed primary attachment to mother.
-this highlights how babies don’t attach to those who feed them further highlighting …

Question 19

AO3

Learning theory has some explanatory power

Answer 19

• Can explain how some elements of conditioning may be involved in attachment
• unlikely that association plays a role but conditioning does
• for example, a baby may associate feeling warm and comfortable with a particular adult
• this may influence babies choice in attachment
• therefore learning theory may be useful
• Cp: stills presents attachment as a passive process not active

Question 20

AO3

An alternative explanation for learning theory of attachment is

Answer 20

SLT- Hay and Vespo

• SLT does not reduce attachment down to food and pleasure,
• for example, they believe that love can be modelled, by things like hugging.
• This theory can help explain things like reciprocity and international synchrony.
• However, SLt finds it hard to explain how these are important, or why this thing like reciprocity and international synchrony are found among humans and animals.
• Therefore it could be argued that social learning theory despite it flaws is a good explanation of attachment

Question 21

AO1

What is bowlby monotropic theory based on

Answer 21

• Influenced by the work of Lorenz and Harlow
• belives the behaviour of attachment evolved because of the need for survival
• an infant who was not attached was more likely to die
• important that attachment is two ways process as parents attach to infants to make sure they are cared for and survive
• parents who look after offspring are more likely to have subsequent generations
• based on the evolutionary approach

Question 22

AO1

What are the stages of Bowlby’s monotropic theory

Answer 22

Monotropy: proposed infants have 1 special emotional bond (which is the primary attachment) usually it is the mother

• Infants also form secondary attachments which act as a safety net which is important for the development
• law continuity:
• law of accumulated separation

Social releases: social releases such as smiling and having baby face, or cooing. This is used to activate adult social interaction so this makes the baby attach to adult. Both baby and adult are hard wired to becomme attached

Crtical period: the crtical period of attachment is between 30 months. Infants who don’t form attachments may find it harder to form attachments in the future

Internal working model: a consequence of not forming an attachment during the critcial period, is an effect on the internal working mdoel. A long term consequence is that it acts as template for all future relationships as it generates expectations about what is an intimate loving realtionship

Question 23

AO3

There is conflicting evidence for the theory of monotropy

Answer 23

Scahffer and Emerson

• found that although babies do attach to one person and that attachment may be strong, a minority are attached to both parents. Despite this even after the crtcial period babies went onto form attachments with siblings, grandparents etc.
• • This suggests that a child can receive the same emotional comfort from multiple attachment figures
• which questions validity of bowlby theory

Question 24

AO3

There is supporting evidence for social releases

Answer 24

Brazelton et al
there is research showing cute baby behaviours are used to elicit interaction from caregivers.
-Babies use social releases to trigger interaction with adults
-researchers instructed primary caregivers to ignore the baby’s social releases
-the babies then showed signs of distress, curled u or lay motionless
-this illustrates how babies use social releases is important to the emotional development of a child,

Question 25

AO3

There is supporting evidence for the internal working model

Answer 25

• Further strenght of this model is that there is supporting evidence dof the internal working model
• bailey et al
• assed 99 mothers attachment to their one-year-old and the mother’s attachment to their primary caregiver and babies attachment quality
• moreover, Soufre et al (Minnesota parent-child study) found infants who were classed as securely attached in infancy were highest-rated for social competence in later childhood, and were less isolated more popular and empathetic
• found mothers who had poor attachment to their own primary caregivers were more likely to poorly attached babies

-this highlights how the ability to form attachments with the babies is influenced by the past

CP

• some psychologists believe genetic differences in anaixey to socialbliu can affect attachment in both babies and adults . This can then effect things like parenting (Kornienko)
• Therefore it could be argued that bowlby may have placed too much empathises on the IWM and ignored other factors that can affect attachment in the future

Question 26

AO3

social sensitivity

Answer 26

-The laws of continuity and accumulated separation can imply that working mothers can harm their babies
-Burman that Bowlby’s ideas can be used to blame mothers and restrict their activities – such as returning to work when they want to.
-Therefore it can be argued that Bowlby’s explanation is socially sensitive to women, which can have wider implications in the future like women being held accountable for everything that goes wrong in a child life which may then led to oppression.
Despite the social sensitivity of ideas such as montropy Bowlby highlighted the importance of mothers as in the past custody disputes were settled in favour of the father because mothers were not regarded as necessary. Moreover the law of continuity had led to the common use of key workers – nursery nurses responsible for building an attachment with particular babies in day care.
-As a result bowlby explanation has real world application and has in a sense helped many mothers and babies

Question 27

AO1

What was Ainsworth aim

Answer 27

• created a strange situation to be able to test systematic nature of attachment
• aim was to see how infants aged 9-18 months would behave under conditions of mild stress

Question 28

AO1

Outline Ainsworth procedure

Answer 28

• placed babies in a 9x9 foot room marked with 16 squares to help record infants’ movement
• babies did 7 different episodes like the parent leaving an infant being alone
• These were designed to assess behaviour such as separation anxiety, stranger anxiety, reunion behaviour, safe base behaviours
• The caregiver and stranger would alternatively stay with the infant or leave
• For example when a stranger enters it testing stranger’s anxiety
• when the caregiver leaves and returns testing reunion behaviour
• Data was collected by a group of observers who rated behaviour like proximity and contact seeking behaviours on a scale of 1 to 7 in terms of intensity

Question 29

AO1

What were the findings of the Ainsworths study?

Answer 29

Found 3 attachment styles

Type A aka Insecure avoidant (20-25% of pop)
-tend to avoid social interactions or intimacy with others
in a strange situation showed little response to separation and did not seek the proximity of caregiver upon reunion. Happy to explore with or without a caregiver, showed little tendency to cling or resist being put down.

Type B (secure attachment) (60-75% of pop)

• refers to those who have a harmonious and cooperative relationship with the caregiver
• In strange situations: not likely to cry when the caregiver leaves and show distress when left with stranger. When anxious seek close proximity to the caregiver and are easily soothed. Thye seeks and are comfortable with social interaction and intimacy. Securely attached infant uses caregiver as secure base from which they explore.

Type C (insecure attachment) (about 3% of pop)

• both seek and resist intimacy and social interaction
• respond to separation from a caregiver with immediate and intense distress, behave similarly to strangers
• On reunion child shows conflicting emotions so they may push away caregiver when being consoled
• they may resist being picked up

Question 30

AO3

Ainsworth may have overlooked a fourth attachment type

Answer 30

Main and Solomon

• analysed over 200 strange situation tapes and proposed a type d attachment style (insecure disorganised attachment)
• charcteriscied as some infants don’t have a consistent attachment style and lack a cohertsnrt stargerty for dealing with stress
• For example, they show strong attachment behaviour which is followed suddenly by avoidance or being fearful of caregiver,
• A study by van ijenzendorn found that over a meta-analysis of 80 studies 15% were type D.
• This suggests Ainsworth attachment types are incomplete as they don’t explain all attachment behaviours.
• However, it could be argued this attachment type, due to neglect and abuse
• Therefore due to its unusualness that Ainsworth attachment categories are correct for normal attachment types

Question 31

AO3

Ainsworth’s study had high inter-observer reliability

Answer 31

• Bick et al watched trained observers of the strange situation s 94% gave the same response.
• This may be due to the fact that the observational takes under controlled conditions behaviours such as seeking proximity involve large movements.
• For example if a baby is scared of a strange they may crawl away
• Therefore the observations can be accepted as being reliable as they are not based on people’s subjective opinions

Question 32

AO3

Strange situation may be culturally bound

Answer 32

• may not be a valid measure across different cultures
• This is because it was developed in the US and Uk, therefore the categories are representative of those populations
• Etic construct used in an emic way
• Bbaies are raised differently around the world and that can affect their responses to the strange situation
• For example, a study by Takahashi in Japan found that a high number of babies showed high levels of separation anxiety and a high proportion were classed as insecure resistant
• Takahashi suggested that this was due to the child-rearing in japan being different as a baby is hardly separated from a mother
• This illustrates how the strange situation is an etic construct that has been incorrectly used in an emic, thus showing how there is a lower validity of this study outside certain cultures as we may no longer be measuring attachment styles

Question 33

AO3

Strange situation has good preditabilty

Answer 33

-Has good predictably about a child’s future development
-ward et al found that securely attached babies go onto having better mental health in adulthood, they also found that insecure resistant babies have the worst outcomes
However, Kagan genetic differences in attachment may account for the variations in attachment style, which has an effect on someone’s behaviour now and in the future. Therefore this suggests that perhaps the strange situation was testing temrpeatment rather than attachment style, this questions the internal validity

Question 34

AO1

What was the method used by van ijenzendorn and Kroonenberg and what were their findings

Answer 34

Van ijenzdoorn and Kronenberg-

• conducted meta-analysis based on 32 studies of strange situations around the world.
• 15 were in America
• used data on 1990

Findings

• was more intraspecific variation rather than interspecific, variations within countries was 150% higher than those between countries
• for example, one study in the US had 46% secure attachments whereas another had 90%
• they found that in all countries secure attachment was the most common
• however, in individualist cultures, the number of insecure attachments was around 14% whereas for individualist cultures like china it was above 25% on average e

Question 35

AO1

Other studies of cultural variation

Answer 35

• Simonella et al found 50% secure and 36% of insecure avoident, there was more type A in Italy because mothers are going to work and often use childcare
• Grossman et Al found more type As in Germany because germans prefer independent children.
• Jin et al only one Type As in south korea because children don’t separate from mothers.

Question 36

AO3

It has less cultural bias

Answer 36

less cultural bias because researchers are from the indegnious country
Researchers from a country of origin example Takahashi is from japan .
-they understand their culture and will be able to correctly classify children and overcome any language barriers increasing the validity of data collected
-shows the useful of cultural variations

Question 37

AO3

Studies are clouded by confounding variables (cultural variations)

Answer 37

confounding variables

• Studies are not matched for methodology, for example, environmental factors, poverty etc
• • the room or area the study was done may have been small so it would be hard to observe proximity seeking behaviour, as the baby may not return so could be called avoidant
• therefore it is hard to compare attachment types across culture because results may be heavily influenced by confounding variables

Question 38

AO3

Cultural variations are affected by impsoed etcic

Answer 38

Rothbaum et al argued that the methods used in attachment studies aren’t relevant to other cultures as theory is too rooted in American cultures.

• For example securely attached children are role likey to grow up as more socially and emotionally competent,
• However, competence is defined as indidvuastion .
• Whereas in a country like Japan competence is defined as inhibition of emotional expression and group-oriented
• Imposed etic
• So researchers should find another way of comparing attachments types as using the strange situation may be meaningless

Question 39

AO3

Cultural variations have found similarities due to global culture

Answer 39

Bowlby: attachment styles are universal and innate. Hence why secure attachment was the most common across all cultures.
CP- Van ijenzndoon and Kronenberg say that it may be due to conformity and ideas of childrearing changing because of the media
-another reason is learning theory perhaps we are all using operant and classical conditioning in the same way universally

Question 40

AO1

What is maternal deprivation

Answer 40

• theory focuses on how he idea that continual care from mother is essential for psychological development both physically and emotionally
• being separated from a mother in early childhood could have serious consequences according to bowlby
• separation means the child is not in the présence of the mother whereas deprivation is when a child is deprived of emotional care
• extended periods of separation can lead to deprivation which can cause harm
• the critical period is about 2 and a half years, bowlby believes that if a child was deprived of emotional care for an extended period of time then physiological damage was inevitable

Question 41

AO1

What is the key study for maternal and deprivation and what is a effects on development

Answer 41

Bowlby 44 thieves

• sample had 44 criminal teenagers
• interviewed for signs of affectionless psychopathy (this was characterised as a lack of affection, guilt about actions and lack of empathy
• families were also interviewed to establish if there was separation
• sample compared to control group

Findings

• 14 out 44 thieves were affectionless psychopathy, 12 of these experienced prolonged separation from mothers during critical period
• in contrast 5 of 30 had prolonged separation

Effects on development

• affects intellectual development: if deprived of maternal care, they would experience delayed intellectual development characterised by low IQs
• affectionless psychopathy is inability to experience guilt, strong emotion towards others. This can prevent a person from developing ducking relationships

Question 42

AO3

Bowlby’s research on maternal deprivation has real-life application

Answer 42

strength-

• changed rules on mothers visiting hospitals as it used to be discourgaed or fobbiden
• Robertson et al: filmed two year old called Laura during 8 day period she was seen to be frequently distressed and begs to go home
• Bowlby and Roberston’s research has postive social implciations as it led to social change in the way children are cared for in hospital
• therefore this has improved the development of children, thus allowing them to have better outcomes

Question 43

AO3

There is conflicting evidence about the critical period (maternal deprivation)

Answer 43

Kolochova
Studied Czech twins who experienced abuse from 18 months to 7 years
after receiving the care they recovered fully but the time they were teenagers,
-so instead of the critical; period its a sensitive period as even during extreme privation the effects can be reversed
-this has positive implications as it shows how despite what happens in childhood people can improve their lives, this gives hope to others

Question 44

AO3

Individual differences may affect the effects of maternal deprivation

Answer 44

• Research shows that not all children are affected by emotional disruption the same way
• Barret concluded securely attached may cope better than those who are insecurely attached
• Bowlby: Studied 60 children with TB, during a prolonged stay in hospital and were only allowed to see once a week
• when assessed in adolescence 63% of the group were more maladjusted than children who did not experience separation
• no significant differences between them and normal peers in terms of intellectual development
• Bowlby suggested children who coped better were probably more securlary attached, which supports idea that individual differences may be an important factor when examining the effects of depirvation

Question 45

AO3

It is hard to replicate the 44 thieves study

Answer 45

• unable to replicate the study with similar results
• Lewis et al looked at 500 young people found no association between early separation and later criminality or relationship difficulties
• so questions validity of maternal deprivation, CP: more recent research Gao et al found an association between poor maternal care psychopathy.
• some support that psychopathy may be influenced by maternal deprivation

Question 46

AO3

Supporting evidence of effects of maternal depriavtion from Human and animal studies

Answer 46

Bifulco et al conducted a study on women who experienced separation through maternal death or temporary separation

• found 25% later experienced depression or anxiety compared to 15% who experienced no separation
• similary Harlow and Harlow found if no attachment is formed the rhesus monkeys would …..
• supports Bowlby’s critical period suggesting early childhood separation can lead to a vulnerability for depression

Question 47

AO1

What is a key study in the effects of institutionalisation

Answer 47

Rutter- Did a study called the ERA, which compared english and romanain adoptees. The adoptees were tested at regular intervals to assess phsycial cognitive and social development

• found that when an romanian orphan was adopt below 6 months will catch up by 4 years, after will take longer,
• low IQs at 86 compared to about 102 on the control group.
• Also those adopted after 6 months were undernourished and showed signs of disinhibited attachment.

Zeanth: conducted the strange situation with 136 Romanian children who spent 90% in an institunalised compared to a control group of Romanian children who weren’t institutionalised
- found compared to the control group only 19% were securely attached compared to 74%, also found that 44% had a disinhibited attachment.

Question 48

AO1

What were the effects of institutionalisation

Answer 48

• Physical underdevelopment: children in instuatnalised are usually small, research by Gardner has shown a lack of emotional care than poor nourisgment may cause this
• Intellectual underfunctoning: cognitive development may be affected by emotional deprivation
• Disinhibited attachment: which may have ben due to due to neglect, during the critical period were unable to form an attachment (privation)

Question 49

AO3

Research on instualnation has had some positive effects

Answer 49

real-life application- in the sense that it has improved conditions for children growing up
Langton et al said that studying Romanian orphans has improved the psychologist understanding of the effects of institunal care and how to prevent bad outcomes
For example institutions have 1 or 2 key workers who provide emotional care
also fostering is more desirable than care homes. Children are now adopted in the first week of other birth and Singer et al found that adoptive mothers and children are as ecurlay attached as non adoptive families
This shows how understanding the effects of institutionalisation has improved the lives of many children

Question 50

AO3

A strength is that there are fewer confounding variables

Answer 50

• When instiutonlisation was studied in the past itw as hard to disentangle the effects of trauma, abuse and brevment from their time in institnalised care.
• However, Romanian orphans were handed over by parents who were unable to keep them due to financial hardships, this means the results are less likely to be influenced by confounding variables such as trauma
• Thus this study has high internal validity

CP

• The romanian orpahns did not only go through emotioanl deprivation whilst institunalised, the physical conditions were appalling which may have impacted their hletah and the lack cognitive stimulation would also affect their development
• This means that the study may not have such high interba validity as thought because the effects of institnsulaised care goes beyond emotioanl deprivation.

Question 51

AO3

A limitation of studies on Romainan orphanges is the lack of adult data

Answer 51

• Latest data from ERA looked at children in their 20s
• Thsi means we don’t know the effects in adulthood like forming relationships, mental health etc because of longitudinal design of this study.
• As a result there will be time before we know the long term effects of the study
• However other studies on institanlisation has given us an idea on the affect of adult relationships
• Quinton et al compared a group of 50 women who group up in institutions to 50 women who didn’t
• They found that when in their 20s when who were raised in institonalised care exreinced difficulties acting as parents.

Question 52

AO3

ERA may be socially sensitive

Answer 52

-socially sensitive because the results show that late-adopted children typically have poor developmental outcomes.
-Tresults published while the children were still growing up.
- Which means parents, teachers and anyone else who knew them might have lowered their expectations and treated them differently
This may have created a self fulfilling prophecy
-However other research has shown there are individual differences as to how someone was affected by being institunlisalsied.

Question 53

AO1

What is the internal working model

Answer 53

• Bowlby suggested that the internal working model acts as a template for future childhood and adult relationships.
• Infants learn how relationships work through experiences
• Babies who are secure will seek functional relationships and are functional
• Type A would be uninvolved and emotionally distant
• Type C would be controlling and aggressive

Question 54

AO1

What is a key study in the internal working model

• adult
• childhood

Answer 54

Hazan and Shaver
-Placed love quiz in a magazine
-questiosn were asked about attachment to history to identify current and childhood attachment types
-Questions were asked about attitudes towards love etc
-Found positive corrleation between attachment types and love experiences
-Securely attached adults described love experiences as happy, friendly trusting
Realtionships were moreenduring-10 years average comapred to 5 years for insecure resistant and 6 for avoident

-could also have: McCarthy followed 40 women from childhood to adulthood. Found that TB had the best relationships and friendships. TA struggle with intimacy in romantic relationships and TC has difficulty maintaining relationships.

In childhood
relationships in childhood
Kerns said securely attached babies were more likely to form best quality friendships whereas insecure would have problems. Wilson and smith conducted a questionnaire with 7-11 year old and found Type A were more likely to be victims of bullying, Type C the bullies and type b not involved.

Question 55

AO3

Supporting evidence for internal working model (iWM)

Answer 55

• Futrher strenght of this model is that there is supporting evidence dof the internal working model
• bailey et al
• assed 99 mothers attachment to their one-year-old and the mother’s attachment to their primary caregiver and babies attachment quality
• moreover, Soufre et al (Minnesota parent-child study) found infants who were classed as securely attached in infancy were highest-rated for social competence in later childhood, and were less isolated more popular and empathetic

Question 56

AO3

What other evaluations are there of the Internal working model

(Yes i am lazy and yes I can’t be asked to fully write the rest)

Answer 56

• Correlation not causation, link the idea of Hazan and shaver,and say evidence about marriages may be due to indidicual differneces and not attachement styles
• Highly determinsitic: could talk about clarke and clarke who said infleucne of early attachmenst is problamtciic- link in social sensitivity or self fulfing prophecy)
• Valdity issues: idea of asking people about attachments didnt meausre, mccarthy et al did so, but still can be affected by confounding variables
• Suporting evidence from animal studies: Rhesus monkeys perhaps