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attachment Flashcards

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1
Q

stage three of attachment

A

specific, show separation and stranger anxiety. formed specific attachment

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2
Q

stage one of attachment

A

asocial, behaviour towards human and non human objects are similar, happier in the presence of humans, show preference for familiar adults

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3
Q

stage two of attachment

A

indiscriminate, recognise specific faces, preference for familiar adults, smile at anyone, prefer faces to non faces, accept comfort from any adult, do not usually show separation and stranger anxiety

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4
Q

stage four of attachment

A

multiple, form secondary attachment with familiar adults, use familiar adults as a secure base

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5
Q

four stages of attachment

A

asocial
indiscriminate
specific
multiple

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6
Q

schaffer and emerson findings

A

first attachment at around 6-8 months with person that was most caring towards the infant, by 40 weeks 80% had formed specific and 30% had formed multiple

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7
Q

schaffer and emerson procedure

A

60 children in glasgow, homes visited monthly, interactions between care giver and infant were observed and care giver was interviewed on infants behaviour

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8
Q

Grossman research into role of the father

A

quality of attachment with mother affects attachments in adolescence but quality of fathers play affected attachment in adolescence

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9
Q

Fields research into father as primary caregivers

A

filmed 4 month old infants interaction with primary caregiver mothers, primary caregiver fathers and secondary caregiver fathers and found primary caregiver fathers tended to smile more and hold hands with the infant

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10
Q

weaknesses of studies into attachment figures

A

confusing as different researchers want to find out different things so specific questions are answered but not the main question of ‘what is the role of the father’ and if they have a distinct role then why arent children without fathers different

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11
Q

weaknesses of studies into caregiver infant interactions

A

dont tell us the purpose of synchrony and reciprocity, can be easily observed but serve no purpose in the explanation of attachment, hard to know what is going on from the infants perspectives as what is being observed is merely hand movements or expressions

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12
Q

strengths of studies into caregiver infant interactions

A

often involve recordings which can be replayed and analysed which increases internal validity

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13
Q

bailey et al procedure and findings

A

99 mothers attachments to their babies and their attachment to their own mothers assessed. attachment with own mothers was assessed through questionairres, majority had same attachment with their mother as they did with their child

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14
Q

reciprocity

A

description of how two people interact. both infant and mother respond to each others signals and take in turns eliciting a response

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15
Q

synchrony

A

when infant and caregiver reflect both the actions and emotions of each other and do so in a co ordinated way

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16
Q

meltzoff and moore

A

observed interactional synchrony in infants as young as 2 weeks old, adult displayed action or expression and childs response was filmed. association found between expression and response

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17
Q

schaffer and emerson findings of parent infant attachment

A

babies become attached to mothers first, form secondary attachments within a few weeks or months. 75% form attachment with father within 18 months

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18
Q

strenghts of romanian orphan studies

A

add to knowledge of effects of institutionalisation. led to improvement in child care. real life application. increased internal validity as didnt involve children that had experienced loss

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19
Q

weaknesses of romanian orphan studies

A

lacks external validity as was a bad and unique situation, not clear what long term effects are

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20
Q

disinhibited attachment

A

friendly and affectionate to new people which is unusual and may be explained as an adaptation to living with multiple caregivers

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21
Q

mental retardation

A

most showed signs of retardation but most adopted before 6 months caught up so can recover

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22
Q

attachment as secondary drive

A

primary is food and becomes generalised to the person supplying the food so they become the secondary drive as association is made between them and the satisfaction of food

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23
Q

strengths of studies of cultural variations

A

large samples so increases internal validity by reducing impact of anomalous results

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24
Q

weaknesses of learning theory and attachment

A

animal studies show animals do not necassarily form attachments with who feeds them, same must be true for humans, research from humans show feeding is not an important factor

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25
Q

strengths of schaffer and emerson study

A

good external validity as done in home, longitudinal study meant minimised effect of individual differences, good sample size

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26
Q

weaknesses of cross cultural variation studies

A

samples tend to be unrepresentative as they are between countries not cultures, method of assessment is biased, designed around british theory, may not measure attachment but rather temperament

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27
Q

monotropy

A

human infants have an innate tendency to form attachments. attachment to one person is most important and essential for healthy psychological development

28
Q

weaknesses of schaffer and emerson study

A

biased sample as all from same social class and area, conducted long time ago so could be outdated

29
Q

bowlbys theory of maternal deprivation

A

continual presence of nurture from mother or mother substitute is essential for normal development of babies and toddlers

30
Q

law of continuity

A

more constant and predictable a childs care the better the quality of the attachment

31
Q

law of accumulated separation

A

effects of every separation add up and the safest dose in the zero dose

32
Q

social releasers

A

born with attachment behaviours known as social releasers that are cute and illicit attention from adults

33
Q

bowlbys critical period

A

2 years

if no attachment formed there may be difficulties in forming attachments later on

34
Q

weaknesses of the stages of attachment

A

problems studying the asocial stage as babies are pretty much immobile, diff cultures have diff attachments, problem with observing multiple attachments

35
Q

separation vs deprivation

A

separation is when the child is not in the presence of the primary attachment figure, only becomes an issue when the child is deprived, brief separations not significant, extended periods can lead to deprivation and cause harm

36
Q

internal working model

A

special mental schemas for relationships, continuity hypothesis is that a childs future adult relationships is based on early experiences of attachment and will also affect their parenting

37
Q

lorenzs procedure

A

divided batch of goose eggs, half hatched with mother half hatched wit lorenz, first moving object they saw was lorenz

38
Q

strengths of bowlbys monotropic theory

A

lots of research evidence to suppport all aspects

39
Q

lorenz findings

A

incubator followed lorenz and other group followed mother, known as imprinting, if imprinting doesnt occur they do not form attachments

40
Q

effects of maternal deprivation on intellectual development

A

suffer delayed intellectual development, found lower IQ’s in those in institutes compared to those who had been fostered

41
Q

weaknesses of bowlbys monotroic theory

A

not all infants show monotropic attachment, largely ignores role of the father, ignores role of temperament, critical period more likely to be sensitive period

42
Q

sexual imprinting

A

birds imprinting on humans would later show courtship behaviour towards humans

43
Q

effects on maternal deprivation on emotional development

A

affectionless psychopaths that have an inability to show guilt or emotions, prevents them forming notmal relationships

44
Q

ainsworths procedure

A

100 middle class american infants, controlled observation, reactions video taped, child encouraged to explore, stranger comes in, mother leaves, mother returns stranger leaves, mother leaves child on own, stranger returned, mother returns

45
Q

harlows procedure

A

reared 16 baby monkeys with two wire mothers, in one condition milk was dispensed by plain wire and in another milk was dispensed by cloth covered mother

46
Q

secure attachment

A

explore happily, regularly return to care giver, moderate separation and stranger anxiety, accept comfort at reunion

47
Q

harlows findings

A

monkeys cuddled with cloth and sought comfort when frightened with cloth regardless of which dispensed milk, showed contact comfort was more important than food

48
Q

insecure avoidant attachment

A

explore freely, do not seek proximity, little or no stranger and separation anxiety, do not need comfort at reunion

49
Q

maternally deprived monkeys as adults

A

severe consequences, reared with mire mother most dysfunctional but those reared with cloth did not develop normal social behavipur

50
Q

weakness of bowlbys theory of maternal deprivation

A

evidence may be poor. 44 theives suffered investigator bias, critical period thought to be more of a sensitive period

51
Q

insecure resistant attachment

A

explore less, seek greater proximity, huge stranger and separation anxiety, resist comfort at reunion

52
Q

harlows critical period

A

90 days

if not formed by then attachment is impossible

53
Q

strengths of bowlbys theory of maternal deprivation

A

animal studies suport

54
Q

strengths of ainsworths strange situation

A

strongly predictive of later development, high internal validity, confident results dont depend on whos observing

55
Q

weaknesses of lorenz research

A

low external validity, observations questioned, impact of imprinting not as permanent

56
Q

operant conditioning in explaining attachment

A

learn through rewards and punishment, primary reinforcer is food secondary is the person

57
Q

classical conditioning in explaining attachment

A

learn to associate mother with satisfaction of being fed and form an attachment

58
Q

bucharest early intervention project procedure

A

95 children aged between 21 and 31 months who lived in instituional care, compared with 50 children who never lived in an institute, strange situation used

59
Q

weaknesses of harlows study

A

ethical issues, suffering was huaman like, questions whether research is important enough to justify this

60
Q

van ijzendoorns procedure

A

meta analysis of over 2000 strange situations, 32 studies in 8 diff countries

61
Q

rutters era procedure

A

165 orphans adopted in britain, physical cognitive and emotional development assessed, 52 british children used as control group

62
Q

rutters era findings

A

half showed signs of delayed intellectual development, addoption after 6 months showed disinhibited attachment, later adoption the longer lasting the effects

63
Q

strengths of harlows research

A

practical value, helped social workers understand risk factors in child abuse and neglect

64
Q

van ijzendoorns findings

A

secure most common second most common was avoidant with exception of japan and israel

65
Q

weaknesses of ainsworths strange situation

A

culture bound, controversial whether main influence on anxiety is attachment, may assess temperament not attachment, at least one more attachment type which is disorganised

Psychology (9 decks)

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