attachment

Question 1

stage three of attachment

Answer 1

specific, show separation and stranger anxiety. formed specific attachment

Question 2

stage one of attachment

Answer 2

asocial, behaviour towards human and non human objects are similar, happier in the presence of humans, show preference for familiar adults

Question 3

stage two of attachment

Answer 3

indiscriminate, recognise specific faces, preference for familiar adults, smile at anyone, prefer faces to non faces, accept comfort from any adult, do not usually show separation and stranger anxiety

Question 4

stage four of attachment

Answer 4

multiple, form secondary attachment with familiar adults, use familiar adults as a secure base

Question 5

four stages of attachment

Answer 5

asocial
indiscriminate
specific
multiple

Question 6

schaffer and emerson findings

Answer 6

first attachment at around 6-8 months with person that was most caring towards the infant, by 40 weeks 80% had formed specific and 30% had formed multiple

Question 7

schaffer and emerson procedure

Answer 7

60 children in glasgow, homes visited monthly, interactions between care giver and infant were observed and care giver was interviewed on infants behaviour

Question 8

Grossman research into role of the father

Answer 8

quality of attachment with mother affects attachments in adolescence but quality of fathers play affected attachment in adolescence

Question 9

Fields research into father as primary caregivers

Answer 9

filmed 4 month old infants interaction with primary caregiver mothers, primary caregiver fathers and secondary caregiver fathers and found primary caregiver fathers tended to smile more and hold hands with the infant

Question 10

weaknesses of studies into attachment figures

Answer 10

confusing as different researchers want to find out different things so specific questions are answered but not the main question of ‘what is the role of the father’ and if they have a distinct role then why arent children without fathers different

Question 11

weaknesses of studies into caregiver infant interactions

Answer 11

dont tell us the purpose of synchrony and reciprocity, can be easily observed but serve no purpose in the explanation of attachment, hard to know what is going on from the infants perspectives as what is being observed is merely hand movements or expressions

Question 12

strengths of studies into caregiver infant interactions

Answer 12

often involve recordings which can be replayed and analysed which increases internal validity

Question 13

bailey et al procedure and findings

Answer 13

99 mothers attachments to their babies and their attachment to their own mothers assessed. attachment with own mothers was assessed through questionairres, majority had same attachment with their mother as they did with their child

Question 14

reciprocity

Answer 14

description of how two people interact. both infant and mother respond to each others signals and take in turns eliciting a response

Question 15

synchrony

Answer 15

when infant and caregiver reflect both the actions and emotions of each other and do so in a co ordinated way

Question 16

meltzoff and moore

Answer 16

observed interactional synchrony in infants as young as 2 weeks old, adult displayed action or expression and childs response was filmed. association found between expression and response

Question 17

schaffer and emerson findings of parent infant attachment

Answer 17

babies become attached to mothers first, form secondary attachments within a few weeks or months. 75% form attachment with father within 18 months

Question 18

strenghts of romanian orphan studies

Answer 18

add to knowledge of effects of institutionalisation. led to improvement in child care. real life application. increased internal validity as didnt involve children that had experienced loss

Question 19

weaknesses of romanian orphan studies

Answer 19

lacks external validity as was a bad and unique situation, not clear what long term effects are

Question 20

disinhibited attachment

Answer 20

friendly and affectionate to new people which is unusual and may be explained as an adaptation to living with multiple caregivers

Question 21

mental retardation

Answer 21

most showed signs of retardation but most adopted before 6 months caught up so can recover

Question 22

attachment as secondary drive

Answer 22

primary is food and becomes generalised to the person supplying the food so they become the secondary drive as association is made between them and the satisfaction of food

Question 23

strengths of studies of cultural variations

Answer 23

large samples so increases internal validity by reducing impact of anomalous results

Question 24

weaknesses of learning theory and attachment

Answer 24

animal studies show animals do not necassarily form attachments with who feeds them, same must be true for humans, research from humans show feeding is not an important factor

Question 25

strengths of schaffer and emerson study

Answer 25

good external validity as done in home, longitudinal study meant minimised effect of individual differences, good sample size

Question 26

weaknesses of cross cultural variation studies

Answer 26

samples tend to be unrepresentative as they are between countries not cultures, method of assessment is biased, designed around british theory, may not measure attachment but rather temperament

Question 27

monotropy

Answer 27

human infants have an innate tendency to form attachments. attachment to one person is most important and essential for healthy psychological development

Question 28

weaknesses of schaffer and emerson study

Answer 28

biased sample as all from same social class and area, conducted long time ago so could be outdated

Question 29

bowlbys theory of maternal deprivation

Answer 29

continual presence of nurture from mother or mother substitute is essential for normal development of babies and toddlers

Question 30

law of continuity

Answer 30

more constant and predictable a childs care the better the quality of the attachment

Question 31

law of accumulated separation

Answer 31

effects of every separation add up and the safest dose in the zero dose

Question 32

social releasers

Answer 32

born with attachment behaviours known as social releasers that are cute and illicit attention from adults

Question 33

bowlbys critical period

Answer 33

2 years | if no attachment formed there may be difficulties in forming attachments later on

Question 34

weaknesses of the stages of attachment

Answer 34

problems studying the asocial stage as babies are pretty much immobile, diff cultures have diff attachments, problem with observing multiple attachments

Question 35

separation vs deprivation

Answer 35

separation is when the child is not in the presence of the primary attachment figure, only becomes an issue when the child is deprived, brief separations not significant, extended periods can lead to deprivation and cause harm

Question 36

internal working model

Answer 36

special mental schemas for relationships, continuity hypothesis is that a childs future adult relationships is based on early experiences of attachment and will also affect their parenting

Question 37

lorenzs procedure

Answer 37

divided batch of goose eggs, half hatched with mother half hatched wit lorenz, first moving object they saw was lorenz

Question 38

strengths of bowlbys monotropic theory

Answer 38

lots of research evidence to suppport all aspects

Question 39

lorenz findings

Answer 39

incubator followed lorenz and other group followed mother, known as imprinting, if imprinting doesnt occur they do not form attachments

Question 40

effects of maternal deprivation on intellectual development

Answer 40

suffer delayed intellectual development, found lower IQ's in those in institutes compared to those who had been fostered

Question 41

weaknesses of bowlbys monotroic theory

Answer 41

not all infants show monotropic attachment, largely ignores role of the father, ignores role of temperament, critical period more likely to be sensitive period

Question 42

sexual imprinting

Answer 42

birds imprinting on humans would later show courtship behaviour towards humans

Question 43

effects on maternal deprivation on emotional development

Answer 43

affectionless psychopaths that have an inability to show guilt or emotions, prevents them forming notmal relationships

Question 44

ainsworths procedure

Answer 44

100 middle class american infants, controlled observation, reactions video taped, child encouraged to explore, stranger comes in, mother leaves, mother returns stranger leaves, mother leaves child on own, stranger returned, mother returns

Question 45

harlows procedure

Answer 45

reared 16 baby monkeys with two wire mothers, in one condition milk was dispensed by plain wire and in another milk was dispensed by cloth covered mother

Question 46

secure attachment

Answer 46

explore happily, regularly return to care giver, moderate separation and stranger anxiety, accept comfort at reunion

Question 47

harlows findings

Answer 47

monkeys cuddled with cloth and sought comfort when frightened with cloth regardless of which dispensed milk, showed contact comfort was more important than food

Question 48

insecure avoidant attachment

Answer 48

explore freely, do not seek proximity, little or no stranger and separation anxiety, do not need comfort at reunion

Question 49

maternally deprived monkeys as adults

Answer 49

severe consequences, reared with mire mother most dysfunctional but those reared with cloth did not develop normal social behavipur

Question 50

weakness of bowlbys theory of maternal deprivation

Answer 50

evidence may be poor. 44 theives suffered investigator bias, critical period thought to be more of a sensitive period

Question 51

insecure resistant attachment

Answer 51

explore less, seek greater proximity, huge stranger and separation anxiety, resist comfort at reunion

Question 52

harlows critical period

Answer 52

90 days | if not formed by then attachment is impossible

Question 53

strengths of bowlbys theory of maternal deprivation

Answer 53

animal studies suport

Question 54

strengths of ainsworths strange situation

Answer 54

strongly predictive of later development, high internal validity, confident results dont depend on whos observing

Question 55

weaknesses of lorenz research

Answer 55

low external validity, observations questioned, impact of imprinting not as permanent

Question 56

operant conditioning in explaining attachment

Answer 56

learn through rewards and punishment, primary reinforcer is food secondary is the person

Question 57

classical conditioning in explaining attachment

Answer 57

learn to associate mother with satisfaction of being fed and form an attachment

Question 58

bucharest early intervention project procedure

Answer 58

95 children aged between 21 and 31 months who lived in instituional care, compared with 50 children who never lived in an institute, strange situation used

Question 59

weaknesses of harlows study

Answer 59

ethical issues, suffering was huaman like, questions whether research is important enough to justify this

Question 60

van ijzendoorns procedure

Answer 60

meta analysis of over 2000 strange situations, 32 studies in 8 diff countries

Question 61

rutters era procedure

Answer 61

165 orphans adopted in britain, physical cognitive and emotional development assessed, 52 british children used as control group

Question 62

rutters era findings

Answer 62

half showed signs of delayed intellectual development, addoption after 6 months showed disinhibited attachment, later adoption the longer lasting the effects

Question 63

strengths of harlows research

Answer 63

practical value, helped social workers understand risk factors in child abuse and neglect

Question 64

van ijzendoorns findings

Answer 64

secure most common second most common was avoidant with exception of japan and israel

Question 65

weaknesses of ainsworths strange situation

Answer 65

culture bound, controversial whether main influence on anxiety is attachment, may assess temperament not attachment, at least one more attachment type which is disorganised