Attachment

Question 1

Define reciprocity.

Answer 1

A two way communication between caregiver and infant in which both are active contributors in a turn taking interaction

Question 2

Who is Jay Belsky?

Answer 2

He carried out an observational study into caregiver infant interactions

Question 3

What did Jay Belsay discover?

Answer 3

If mothers showed more reciprocal interactions, the infants were more securely attached to their mothers

Question 4

What is interactional synchrony?

Answer 4

The temporary co-ordination of micro-level social behaviour between caregiver and infant

Question 5

Who researched interactional synchrony?

Answer 5

Meltzoff and moore

Question 6

What procedure did meltzoff and Moore use in their study, what did they discover?

Answer 6

An adult displayed one of 3 facial expressions:
1.mouth open
2.tongue protrusion
3.lip protrusion
A dummy was placed in the infants mouth during the procedure to stop them from making any facial expressions.
They discovered the imitation was intentional.

Question 7

Who opposed meltzoff and Moores findings?

Answer 7

John piaget

Question 8

What did john piaget propose?

Answer 8

He proposed that the infants interaction was due to operant conditioning. By recieving a reward (the carer smiling) after copying the carer the infant was conditioned to copy their carer

Question 9

What is imprinting?

Answer 9

The innate readiness to develop a strong bond with a mother soon after birth or hatching

Question 10

Who did a study into animal attachment (imprinting)?

Answer 10

Lorenz

Question 11

What was lorenz’s procedure?

Answer 11

Lorenz took a clutch of Gosling eggs and divided them into 2 groups.
One group was left with the mother, the others were hatched in an incubator.
The first thing the incubator chicks saw was Lorenz.
To test imprinting, Lorenz marked his chick’s, then mixed them all up and released them, while both lorenz and the biological mother were present.

Question 12

What were the findings of Lorenz’s study?

Answer 12

After being mixed up, the goslings quickly divided back into their original groups, and Lorenzs brood showed no recognition of their biological mother.
Lorenz this found that imprinting had a critical period, in which they could form an attachment to a moving constantly present object.

Question 13

What long lasting effects of imprinting did Lorenz note?

Answer 13

Lorenz noted that the process is irreversible and long lasting and had an affect on later mating preferences, which is called ‘sexual imprinting’, where animals will tend to mate with the same kind of object upon which they were imprinted on

Question 14

Who conducted an animal study into attachment based on contact comfort?

Answer 14

Harlow

Question 15

What was Harlows procedure

Answer 15

Harlow had 2 groups of 4 rhesus monkeys, which both stayed with 2 mothers, one cloth covered mother, and one metal wire mother.
One group had the cloth mother holding a feeding bottle, and the other had the wire mother holding a feeding bottle.
The monkeys were kept with both mothers present fro 165 days to study their behaviour

Question 16

What were the results of Harlow’s test?

Answer 16

Harlow found that all 8 monkeys spent most of their time with the cloth covered monkey, and in groups where the wire monkey had the feeding bottle, the monkeys only stayed to feed for a short time before returning to the cloth mother.

Question 17

What other things did Harlow test on the monkeys?

Answer 17

He tested their response to being scared using a toy monkey with symbols.

Question 18

What were the results of Harlow’s fear test?

Answer 18

The monkeys found comfort in the cloth mother, and clutched to her when scared.

Question 19

how is the learning theory of attachment explained?

Answer 19

through operant and classical conditioning

Question 20

what is an assumption made during the learning theory of attachment?

Answer 20

children are born as “blank slates” and learn through consequence and association

Question 21

who conducted a study into cultural variation?

Answer 21

Van Ijzandoorn and Kroonenberg

Question 22

what was the procedure of the study into cultural variations in attachment?

Answer 22

it was a meta analysis of 32 studies into attachment behaviour. it contained 8 different countries, and consisted of 2000 different strange situation assessments

Question 23

what were the findings of the study into cultural variation?

Answer 23

differences were small, securely attached was always in the highest proportion to the other attachment types

Question 24

who conducted a study into the early influence of attachment?

Answer 24

Hazan and Shaver

Question 25

what was the procedure of the study into the influence of early attachment?

Answer 25

620 people took part in a love quiz which was published. 205 responses were from men and 415 were from women

Question 26

what were the findings of the study into the influence of early attachment?

Answer 26

56% of candidates were found to be secure, 25% avoidant and 19% resistant. they also found a positive correlation between attachment type and love experiences.