Attachment

Question 1

Caregiver interaction

Answer 1

• observer of mother and infant interaction are generally well controlled procedures
  ( brazleton on filmed the interactions)
• don’t tell the purpose of synchrony
  Fieldman

Issues with observation of young children
- don’t know their actions are meaningful- children we young as 2 weeks old have little to no motor coordination
Bremmer

Research support for interactions sychrony
Melzoff and more

Question 2

Role of the father

Answer 2

-inconsistent findings on father

Father not becoming the primary attachment figure Glock simply be due to the traditional gender role
- oestrogen, women are biologically pre disposed

• social sensitive
• study of gross man found that fathers as secondary attachment figures had important role in their child development
  However other studies found that children growing up in a single or same sex parent families do not develop any differently to the in 2 parent heterosexual families
• suggest that father role secondary attachment not important

Question 3

Schaffer and Emerson

Answer 3

Good external validly- study was an natural experiment- conducted
Most Observation done by parent
Unlike lab

Limited sample characteristics
Also conducted at 1964- historical period
Lacks population validity

Problems with how multiple attachment is assessed
Bowbly- playmate

• may lack internal validity
  Use self report- kept daily diary
  Accuracy, social desirability bias such as intentionally not reporting any negative experiences
  Demand characteristics- tailor their report to fit what they think of study is
  Therefor caution should be taken in

Question 4

Animal studies of attachment

Answer 4

Lorenz
Criticized for extrapolation - grey lag geese- physiological different- way human infacnt develop in attachment , very different to grey lag geese
Humans more complex

Sexual imprinting not as permanent as Lorenz theorized
Guiton
Shows learning and experience more important

Conducted in lab
Extraneous variable-

Ethical issues

Question 5

Learning theory

Answer 5

• counter evidence form human research
  Shaffer and Emerson
• counter evidence from animal studies
  Harlow and Emerson

-ignores other factor sssociated with forming attachment
- recipircociry and international synchrony

Should be discredited entirely
- in terms of conditioning- feeling warm

Question 6

Bowlby theory

Answer 6

Monotropic artachemt was challenged to show multiple attachment from infant
Shcaffer and Emerson
Theory not the same for all babies

Socially sensitive

Support for social releases- brazleton

Support of internal working model - testable bailey

Question 7

Ainsworth strange situation

Answer 7

Procedure culturally biased
- designed by American according to observation of US children
Takahashi
- less able to generalize findings to other cultures

Very good inter rater reliability
- due to it taking place under controlled condition- behavioral categories easier to observe
Buck looked at inter rater reliability in a team of trained ss observer = found an agreement of attachment type of 94 percent
= confident = valid

It only measures the relationship type of one attachment figure
- only used mother and their child
- wrongly assume child will be closer to the mother than any
- could close to father or extended family member

-ethical issues - 20 percent of children cried desperately at one point

Question 8

Cultural variation

Answer 8

Use of meta analysis means the sample size is large
Increase internal validly by reducing impact of anomalous results, caused by bad methodology

Sample unrepresentative of culture
Comparison mainly between countries not culture
Little meaning,

Findings was misleading
- high numbers of studies reviewed = conducted in USA
- only 1 in china
= finding could be disorder by these
- cultural biased towards western perspective

Methodology issues
- conducted in a lab environment
- very artificial- weakness as it’s possible that experiment was not measuring infants natural behavior and as a result findings can’t be generalize past the study

Question 9

Bowlby maternalndeprivation

Answer 9

• real world application
  Theory impacted post war thinking about child rearing practices- lead to many policy changes around institutions and how they treaded children
  Such as before separates
  Now children in hospital are allowed to have their primary care giver= social change = children can remain in contact

Replicated
Lewis/ sample had a history of early prolong separation from their mother= but did not predict criminality or difficulty forming relationships

Methodical limitation- based his theory on interview collected from war orphans= does not control for confounding variables such as PTSD, poor quality care = can have larger affect on children development

Critisi d for investigator bias
Himself carried out the individual assessment of affection less psychopathy and family interviews knowing what he hoped he will find

Question 10

Influence on early attachment

Answer 10

/ self report

Consistent in Harlow

Association does not mean causality