Attachment

Question 1

define interactional synchrony

Answer 1

when a mother an infant reflect each other’s emotions and actions in a coordinated way

Question 2

identify Schaffer’s stages of attachment

Answer 2

asocial
indiscriminate
specific
multiple

Question 3

describe various roles of the father which research has shown us

Answer 3

Grossman found that fathers have more of play and stimulation role.
Tiffany Field found fathers can be primary caregivers and adopt the behaviours of mothers

Question 4

define an internal working model and explain its importance

Answer 4

the mental representation a child has of how the relationship with their primary caregiver is. bowl by believes these have a powerful effect on the future relationships as internal working models serve as models for other relationships. children will later form relationships similar to an in line with their internal working models

Question 5

give a limitation of research into internal working models

Answer 5

there is a theoretical problem with research related to internal working model. internal working models are unconscious yet the methods used to study them are conscious. therefore self report technique cannot really be a good method to assess them

Question 6

what method is used to measure attachment type in children

Answer 6

Ainsworth’s Strange Situation

Question 7

what are the behaviours that Ainsworth uses to judge attachment

Answer 7

proximity seeking
exploration and secure base behaviour
stranger anxiety
separation anxiety
response to reunion

Question 8

list the episodes to stranger situation

Answer 8

child and mother enter unfamiliar playroom
child encourage to explore
stranger comes in and tries to interact with child
mother leave child and stranger together
mother returns and stranger leaves
mother leaves
stranger returns
mother returns and is reunited with child

Question 9

list three attachment types

Answer 9

secure attachment (B)
insecure avoidant (A)
insecure resistant (C)

Question 10

what personality will an insecure resistant child tend to develop

Answer 10

a controlling and argumentative personality

Question 11

what can we conclude from Harlow’s research

Answer 11

monkeys have innate, unlearned need for contact comfort suggesting that attachment concerns emotional security more than food. contact comfort is associated with lower levels of stress and a willingness to explore

Question 12

define imprinting

Answer 12

imprinting is when a young animal eventually comes to recognise another animal or a person or thing as a parent

Question 13

give two examples of cultural variation into attachment

Answer 13

ijzerdoorn and Kroonenberg- did a meta analysis of 32 studies in 8 countries which looked into proportions of attachment types
Simonella et al- Italian study where the stranger situation was used to measure attachment in 70 6 to 12 month old babies

Question 14

define maternal deprivation

Answer 14

describes the emotional and intellectual consequences of separations between a child and his or her mother

Question 15

give limitation of bowlby’s theory of maternal deprivation

Answer 15

bowlby failed to properly distinguish between deprivation and privation. rutter attempts to distinguish between the two saying that privation is the falser to form attachment in the first place whereas deprivation is the loss of an attachment after it has formed. Rutter argues that privation is more likely to lead to long term damage rather than deprivation, as bowlby’s theory states

Question 16

Give three effects of institutionalisation

Answer 16

poor peer interactions
disinhibited attachment
mental retardation

Question 17

define social releasers

Answer 17

a set of innate behaviour which children elicit to activate an adult’s attachment system

Question 18

outline the learning theory explanation of attachment

Answer 18

through classical conditioning, attachment can start through a child learning to associate a mother with food which brings pleasure to the child. through operant conditioning this association can be strengthened. by positive reinforcement- when a baby cries the mother feeds the baby so this reinforces the crying behaviour in the child. also by negative reinforcement from the mother’s side as the baby stops crying when the mother feeds it, the mother continues to feed the baby to prevent it crying

Question 19

Melztoff and Moore

Answer 19

• observed beginnings of interactional synchrony in young infants
• adult displayed 3 facial expressions/ gestures
• response filmed
• association was found between adult behaviour and babies behaviour

Question 20

Isabella et al

Answer 20

found high levels of synchrony = better mother infant attachment quality

Question 21

Schaffer and Emerson

Answer 21

• investigated the formation of early attachment in young infants and at what age they developed emotional intensity and to whom
• mother questioned about their infant’s separation anxiety
• AISM

Question 22

Lorenz

Answer 22

• half geese eggs hatched with mother
• half hatched in incubator
• those hatched in incubator imprinted onto Lorenz as he was the first person they saw

Question 23

Harlow

Answer 23

• group one- wire monkey and mile
• group 2- cloth monkey and milk
• more time with cloth monkey and when threatened they went to the cloth monkey

Question 24

Brazelton et al

Answer 24

• observed mothers and infants during interactions
• primary attachment figures instructed to ignore infants social releasers
• infants in distress and later curled up and lay motionless
• therefore supports Bowlby’s idea of significant of infant social behaviour

Question 25

Bailey et al

Answer 25

• 99 mothers with one year olds
• interviewed mothers of attachment to their own mothers
• observed infants with their mothers
• poor attachment in childhood= poor infant mother attachment
• therefore supports internal working model

Question 26

44 thieves study

Answer 26

• interviewed for affection less psychopaths
• 14/44= affection less psychopaths
• 12/14= had experienced prolonged separation from mother
• therefore support bowlby’s maternal deprivation theory

Question 27

Romanian Orphanage Study

Answer 27

• Adopted before 6 months= 102 IQ
• 6 months to 2 years= 86 IQ
• after 2 years= 77 IQ
  those adopted after 6 months developed disinhibited attachment

Question 28

Hazan and Shaver

Answer 28

• love quiz
• secure= more likely to develop a good and long lasting romantic relationship
• avoidant= jealous and fear of intimacy