Attachment Flashcards
define interactional synchrony
when a mother an infant reflect each other’s emotions and actions in a coordinated way
identify Schaffer’s stages of attachment
asocial
indiscriminate
specific
multiple
describe various roles of the father which research has shown us
Grossman found that fathers have more of play and stimulation role.
Tiffany Field found fathers can be primary caregivers and adopt the behaviours of mothers
define an internal working model and explain its importance
the mental representation a child has of how the relationship with their primary caregiver is. bowl by believes these have a powerful effect on the future relationships as internal working models serve as models for other relationships. children will later form relationships similar to an in line with their internal working models
give a limitation of research into internal working models
there is a theoretical problem with research related to internal working model. internal working models are unconscious yet the methods used to study them are conscious. therefore self report technique cannot really be a good method to assess them
what method is used to measure attachment type in children
Ainsworth’s Strange Situation
what are the behaviours that Ainsworth uses to judge attachment
proximity seeking
exploration and secure base behaviour
stranger anxiety
separation anxiety
response to reunion
list the episodes to stranger situation
child and mother enter unfamiliar playroom
child encourage to explore
stranger comes in and tries to interact with child
mother leave child and stranger together
mother returns and stranger leaves
mother leaves
stranger returns
mother returns and is reunited with child
list three attachment types
secure attachment (B)
insecure avoidant (A)
insecure resistant (C)
what personality will an insecure resistant child tend to develop
a controlling and argumentative personality
what can we conclude from Harlow’s research
monkeys have innate, unlearned need for contact comfort suggesting that attachment concerns emotional security more than food. contact comfort is associated with lower levels of stress and a willingness to explore
define imprinting
imprinting is when a young animal eventually comes to recognise another animal or a person or thing as a parent
give two examples of cultural variation into attachment
ijzerdoorn and Kroonenberg- did a meta analysis of 32 studies in 8 countries which looked into proportions of attachment types
Simonella et al- Italian study where the stranger situation was used to measure attachment in 70 6 to 12 month old babies
define maternal deprivation
describes the emotional and intellectual consequences of separations between a child and his or her mother
give limitation of bowlby’s theory of maternal deprivation
bowlby failed to properly distinguish between deprivation and privation. rutter attempts to distinguish between the two saying that privation is the falser to form attachment in the first place whereas deprivation is the loss of an attachment after it has formed. Rutter argues that privation is more likely to lead to long term damage rather than deprivation, as bowlby’s theory states
Give three effects of institutionalisation
poor peer interactions
disinhibited attachment
mental retardation
define social releasers
a set of innate behaviour which children elicit to activate an adult’s attachment system
outline the learning theory explanation of attachment
through classical conditioning, attachment can start through a child learning to associate a mother with food which brings pleasure to the child. through operant conditioning this association can be strengthened. by positive reinforcement- when a baby cries the mother feeds the baby so this reinforces the crying behaviour in the child. also by negative reinforcement from the mother’s side as the baby stops crying when the mother feeds it, the mother continues to feed the baby to prevent it crying
Melztoff and Moore
- observed beginnings of interactional synchrony in young infants
- adult displayed 3 facial expressions/ gestures
- response filmed
- association was found between adult behaviour and babies behaviour
Isabella et al
found high levels of synchrony = better mother infant attachment quality
Schaffer and Emerson
- investigated the formation of early attachment in young infants and at what age they developed emotional intensity and to whom
- mother questioned about their infant’s separation anxiety
- AISM
Lorenz
- half geese eggs hatched with mother
- half hatched in incubator
- those hatched in incubator imprinted onto Lorenz as he was the first person they saw
Harlow
- group one- wire monkey and mile
- group 2- cloth monkey and milk
- more time with cloth monkey and when threatened they went to the cloth monkey
Brazelton et al
- observed mothers and infants during interactions
- primary attachment figures instructed to ignore infants social releasers
- infants in distress and later curled up and lay motionless
- therefore supports Bowlby’s idea of significant of infant social behaviour
Bailey et al
- 99 mothers with one year olds
- interviewed mothers of attachment to their own mothers
- observed infants with their mothers
- poor attachment in childhood= poor infant mother attachment
- therefore supports internal working model
44 thieves study
- interviewed for affection less psychopaths
- 14/44= affection less psychopaths
- 12/14= had experienced prolonged separation from mother
- therefore support bowlby’s maternal deprivation theory
Romanian Orphanage Study
- Adopted before 6 months= 102 IQ
- 6 months to 2 years= 86 IQ
- after 2 years= 77 IQ
those adopted after 6 months developed disinhibited attachment
Hazan and Shaver
- love quiz
- secure= more likely to develop a good and long lasting romantic relationship
- avoidant= jealous and fear of intimacy