Attachment

Question 0

Exercice : ATTACHMENT
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Question 1/20 - Attachment theory

According to Roisman et al.’s study (2002) mentioned in the film 18, adults who had an insecure attachment at one year of age can establish positive relationship processes with their partners when adults. What does it mean ?

◻ Secure attachment in adulthood is associated with high quality of romantic relationship even if the quality of attachment in infancy was insecure.
◻ As attachment behaviors change with age, they do so in ways shaped by the quality of relationships.
◻ Individuals with early insecure attachment can change the internal working model to secure attachment through high-quality relationships.
◻ All of the above
◻ None of the above

Answer 0

✅ All of the above

Question 1

Question 2/20 - BOWLBY

Bowlby (1988) believes that the sense of attachment security is primarily formed during early interactions with primary caregivers; however, he also contended that every meaningful interaction with significant others throughout life :

◻ May affect beliefs about others’ availability and supportiveness
◻ Is irrelevant once you are no longer an infant or child
◻ Has no affect on attachment security
◻ Is more important than relationships with early caregivers

Answer 1

✅ May affect beliefs about others’ availability and supportiveness

Question 2

Question 3/20 - Attachment theory

“Attachment theory should not be over-interpreted in order to understand psychopathology” says Dugravier in his article (audio 15). According to Greenberg (2008), attachment patterns could be seen as ____?__

◻ simple protective or risks factors
◻ good predictors of psychopathologies
◻ good predictors of high social risks
◻ All of the above

Answer 2

✅ simple protective or risks factors

Question 3

Question 4/20 - Culture générale (hors texte)

Harry Harlow studied the behaviour of infant monkeys separated from their mothers at birth : 8 infant rhesus monkeys were taken from their mothers shortly after birth and kept separately in a cage with two substitute mothers - a “cloth mother” covered with a soft blanket and a skeletal “wire mother”. For 4 of the 8 monkeys the wire mother incorporated their feeding bottle; for the other 4, the cloth mother had it. The monkeys were kept in these conditions for a period of time and then released into a cage with a group of normally reared monkeys. To see how the monkeys would react when frightened, Harlow put a teddy bear drummer toy into the cage. What were the main results ?

◻ The deprived monkeys suffered emotionally, resulting in delinquent and anti-social behaviour
◻ The infant monkeys preferred to spend time with the cloth mother even when they got their food from the wire mother
◻ The monkeys all ran to the cloth mother when they were frightened by the teddy bear drummer.
◻ All of the above
◻ None of the above

Answer 3

✅ All of the above

Question 4

Question 5/20 - Attachment theory

The fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age is termed ____?____

◻ A strange situation
◻ Stranger anxiety
◻ Insecure-ambivalent attachment
◻ Insecure-avoidant attachment

Answer 4

✅ Stranger anxiety

Question 5

Question 6/20 - Attachment theory

Based on her study of mothers’ responsiveness to infant’s signal, what part of life does Wendland consider as the most critical to mother-infant interactions’ development ?

◻ Pregnancy period
✅ Perinatal period
◻ Childhood
◻ Adolescence

Answer 5

✅ Perinatal period

Question 6

Question 7/20 - Attachment theory

If adult attachment styles are organized around avoidance and anxiety, avoidance could reflect:

◻ The degree to which people worry that a partner might not be available or supportive in times of need
◻ The extent to which people distrust others’ goodwill and strive to maintain emotional distance and remain independent from a relationship partner
◻ Social anxiety in crowds or gatherings
◻ The associations between the global sense of attachment security and theoretically relevant constructs

Answer 6

✅ The extent to which people distrust others’ goodwill and strive to maintain emotional distance and remain independent from a relationship partner

Question 7

Question 8/20 - ETHOLOGY

From the 1950s Bowlby was in personal and scientific contact with leading European scientists in the field of ethology, namely Harry Harlow, ____?____, and especially the rising star of ethology Robert Hinde.

◻ Karl von Frisch
◻ Renato Dulbecco
◻ Konrad Lorenz
◻ George Wald

Answer 7

✅ Konrad Lorenz

Question 8

Question 9/20 - Culture générale (hors texte)

Bowlby also observed that children experienced intense distress when separated from their mothers, even if they were fed and cared for by others. Which famous psychiatrist and psychoanalyst studied the effects of deprivation of mothering; he introduced the term hospitalism in his work defining disorders in infants who were institutionalized for long periods and deprived of substitute maternal care :

◻ Sigmund Freud
◻ Mary Ainsworth
◻ Konrad Lorenz
◻ René Spitz

Answer 8

✅ René Spitz

Question 9

Question 10/20 - Culture générale (hors texte)

Bowlby noted the relationship between human attachment behaviour and a phenomenon studied by the ethologist Konrad Lorenz (1935) called ___?___

◻ Distress
◻ Imprinting
◻ Feedback
◻ All of the above
◻ None of the above

Answer 9

✅ Imprinting

Question 10

Question 11/20 - BOWLBY

According to Bowlby (1973), the formation of attachment security is facilitated by

◻ A mother who stays at home with her infant
◻ A mother and father who take at least three months maternity and paternity leaves
◻ Interactions with significant others who are available and supportive in times of stress
◻ A partner who is always available

Answer 10

✅ Interactions with significant others who are available and supportive in times of stress

Question 11

Question 12/20 - Attachment theory

According to Dugravier’s article (audio 15), what do recent studies show concerning the relationship between disorganized attachment and the development of subsequent disorders ?

◻ an association between attachment disorganization and the development of schizophrenia
◻ an association between attachment disorganization and the development of somatoform disorders
◻ an association between attachment disorganization and the development of peer aggression or externalizing behaviors
an association between attachment
◻ disorganization and the development of anxiety disorders

Answer 11

✅ an association between attachment disorganization and the development of peer aggression or externalizing behaviors
an association between attachment

Question 12

Question 13/20 - Attachment theory

When put on the floor to play, Baby Elaine cries as if she wants to be held. When her mother picks her up, though, Baby Elaine pushes away with both arms and turns her head away. She seeks physical proximity but simultaneously shows rejection and anger towards her mother. We would say that Baby Elaine is :

◻ Secure attachment
◻ Insecure-avoidant attachment
◻ Insecure-ambivalent attachment
◻ Disorganized attachment

Answer 12

✅ Insecure-ambivalent attachment

Question 13

Question 14/20 - Culture générale (hors texte)

You just found out that the homecoming queen and captain of the football team from your high school are splitting up. You think back to the last time you saw them together and have the feeling that you could have predicted their divorce because of their insecure-ambivalent attachment. Which of the following is the most likely cause for your feeling?

◻ spotlight effect defined as people’s tendency to overestimate the degree to which people pay attention to you.
◻ Critical thinking defined as thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions
◻ illusory correlation defined as people’s tendency to see a relationship between two variables even when there is none
◻ Hindsight bias defined as the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it. (Also known as the I-knew-it-all along phenomenon.)

Answer 13

✅ Hindsight bias defined as the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it. (Also known as the I-knew-it-all along phenomenon.)

Question 14

Question 15/20 - AINSWORTH

Mary Ainsworth studied early attachment in humans using which of the following methods?

◻ psychosocial development
◻ social attachment
◻ strange situation
◻ introversion versus extraversion

Answer 14

✅ strange situation

Question 15

Question 16/20 - Attachment theory

In the early 1980’s, what did Mary Main and her colleagues (Main and Solomon, 1990) develop to measure adult attachment?

◻ The Adult Attachment Interview protocol
◻ A 16-question interview that asks parents to describe their early experiences with their parents
◻ The Adult Attachment Interview (AAI)
◻ All of the above
◻ None of the above

Answer 15

✅ All of the above

Question 16

Question 17/20 - BOWLBY

According to Bowlby, which of the following statements are true about attachment security:

◻ The specific relationship itself is never important to attachment security
◻ People may develop relationship-specific beliefs about attachment that are influenced by the specific relationship
◻ Both 1 and 2
◻ None of the above

Answer 16

✅ People may develop relationship-specific beliefs about attachment that are influenced by the specific relationship

Question 17

Question 18/20 - AINSWORTH

The Strange Situation is an observational measure of infant attachment developed by Mary Ainsworth. It requires the infant to :

◻ crawl through a tunnel with his or her mother while a stranger waits on the other side
◻ move through a series of introductions, separations, and reunions with his or her mother and a stranger
◻ experience loud noises in a room with only a stranger present
◻ choose between his or her mother and his or her father in a strange situation

Answer 17

✅ move through a series of introductions, separations, and reunions with his or her mother and a stranger

Question 18

Question 19/20 - BOWLBY

In Bowlby’s (1973) terms, a sense of attachment security provides an individual with a framework for maintaining which of the following :

◻ Well-being
◻ Emotion (affect) regulation
◻ The ability to engage in exploration
◻ The capacity to care for others
◻ Attachment security helps to maintain all of the above

Answer 18

✅ Attachment security helps to maintain all of the above

Question 19

Question 20/20 - Attachment theory

Brandon, a 15-year-old who recently experienced his mother’s death, is exhibiting high levels of fear, and he is often disoriented. When considering secure and insecure attachment in adolescence, Brandon’s attachment would be classified as :

◻ Secure attachment
◻ Insecure-avoidant attachment
◻ Insecure-ambivalent attachment
◻ Disorganized attachment

Answer 19

✅ Disorganized attachment