Atrial Fibrillation, Flutter, P wave and T wave abnormalities

Question 1

Atrial fibrillation definition

Answer 1

Irregular chaotic atrial activity- no P waves
Irregular electric activity of isoelectric line
Variable R-R
Normal narrow QRS
450-600 bpm

Question 2

Paroxysmal AF

Answer 2

Self terminating usually within 48 hours

Question 3

Persistent AF

Answer 3

> 7 days

Question 4

Longstanding AF

Answer 4

> 1 year

Question 5

Permanent AF

Answer 5

Attempts to convert to NSR have been abandoned

Question 6

Atrial flutter definition

Answer 6

Regular atrial activity around 300 bpm

Ventricles conduct half the time 2:1 block (150 bpm)

Question 7

Negative flutter waves

Answer 7

II, III, aVF

Question 8

Positive flutter waves

Answer 8

V1

Question 9

Normal PR

Answer 9

120-200 ms

Question 10

Causes of short PR

Answer 10

WPW: broad QRS and delta wave

Lown-Ganong-Levire: normal QRS

Question 11

First degree AV block

Answer 11

Prolongued Pr- consistent PR duration

can progress to other forms

Question 12

Causes of first degree AV block

Answer 12

Electrolyte disturbance
Rheumatic endocarditis
Digoxin BB CCB
Enhances vagal tone

Question 13

Normal P wave

Answer 13

<120 ms

<2.5 mm

Question 14

P wave >2.5 mm

Answer 14

P Pulmonale- RA enlargement

Question 15

P wave > 120 ms

Answer 15

P mitrale- LA enlarges

V1 may have negative component

Question 16

Normal T wave inversion

Answer 16

III, aVR, V1 (if V1 then may also be inverted in V2)

Question 17

Hyperkalaemia T waves

Answer 17

tented- peaked and high

Question 18

Hypokalaemia T waves

Answer 18

flattened

Question 19

Hypothyroid T waves

Answer 19

small T waves and small QRS