ATPL - Ground Theory Flashcards
Responsibilities of the
CAR 224 and 233
- Operators’ shall designate one pilot to act as PIC
- A PIC is responsible for:
a. The start, continuation, diversion and end of a flight by the aircraft; and
b. The operation and safety of the aircraft during flight time; and
c. The safety of persons and cargo carried on the aircraft; and
d. The conduct and safety of members of the crew on the aircraft
A PIC must discharge his or her responsibility in accordance with:
- Any information, instructions or directions, relating to the start, continuation, diversion or end of flight, that are made available, or issued, under the Act or these regulations; and
- If applicable, the operations manual provided by the operator
- The pilot in command shall have final authority as to the disposition of the aircraft while he or she is in command and for the maintenance of discipline by all persons on board.
Responsibility of the PIC before flight
CAR 233
(1) The pilot in command of an aircraft must not commence a flight if he or she has not received evidence, and taken such action as is necessary to ensure, that:
(a) the instruments and equipment required are installed in the aircraft and are functioning properly; (b) the gross weight of the aircraft does not exceed the limitations (c) any directions of CASA with respect to the loading of the aircraft given under regulation 235 have been complied with; (d) the fuel supplies are sufficient for the particular flight; (e) the required operating and other crew members are on board and in a fit state to perform their duties; (f) the air traffic control instructions have been complied with; (g) the aircraft is safe for flight in all respects; and (h) the aeronautical data and aeronautical information mentioned in sub regulation (1A) is carried in the aircraft and is readily accessible to the flight crew. (1A) For paragraph (1)(h), the aeronautical data and aeronautical information is the aeronautical data and aeronautical information: (a) that is applicable to the route to be flown and to any alternative route that may be flown on that flight; and (b) that is published: (i) in the AIP; or (ii) by a data service provider; or (iii) by the holder of an approval mentioned in regulation 202.961 or 202.962 of CASR. (2) The pilot in command of an aircraft engaged in international air navigation must not commence a flight if the pilot has not completed an approved flight preparation form certifying that the pilot is satisfied of the matters specified in sub regulation (1). (3) An operator must keep a completed flight preparation form for a period of 6 months.
Documents to be carried
CAR 139 & 233
(1) Subject to subregulation (2), the pilot in command of an aircraft, when flying, must carry on the aircraft:
(a) its certificate of registration;
(b) its certificate of airworthiness;
(c) if Part 42 of CASR does not apply to the aircraft—unless CASA otherwise approves, its maintenance release and any other document approved for use as an alternative to the maintenance release for the purposes of a provision of these Regulations;
(d) unless CASA otherwise approves, the licences and medical certificates of the operating crew;
(e) the flight manual (if any) for the aircraft;
(f) any licence in force with respect to the radio equipment in the aircraft;
(g) if the aircraft is carrying passengers—a list of the names, places of embarkation and places of destination of the passengers;
(h) if the aircraft is carrying cargo—the bills of lading and manifests with respect to the cargo.
(2) An aircraft operating wholly within Australian territory is not required, when flying, to carry a document specified in paragraph (1)(a), (b), (f) or (g).
(3) An aircraft that is operated under an AOC need not carry its flight manual when flying if it carries on board an operations manual that:
(a) contains the information and instructions that are required, under the relevant airworthiness standards for the aircraft, to be included in the flight manual; and
(b) does not contain anything that conflicts with the information or instructions.
(4) An offence against subregulation (1) is an offence of strict liability.
(5) Subregulation (1) does not apply to the pilot in command if the flight was authorised by a special flight permit issued under regulation 21.197 of CASR.
Privileges and limitations of the ATPL and aeroplane category rating
• Holder of an ATPL: PIC or co-pilot aeroplane, helicopter or powered-lift aircraft (Part 61.665)
• Limitations – single pilot IFR flight (Part 61.675)
o Passed a flight test or IPC in a single pilot aircraft under the IFR
• Limitations – IFR general (Part 61.680)
o Can only conduct an instrument approach if the aircraft is equipped for that kind of approach
o Can only conduct an instrument approach of a particular kind if you have received training and demonstrated competency in conducting such an approach
• Limitations – Circling approaches (Part 61.680)
o Passed a flight test in the previous 12months which included a circling approach
o Most recent IPC included a circling approach
o Participating in a cyclic system which covers circling approaches
• Limitations – 3D instrument approach (Part 61.680)
o Passed a flight test within the previous 24months that included a 3D approach
o Most recent IPC included a 3D approach
o Participating in a cyclic system which covers 3D approaches
• IFR recent experience o Must have completed an OPC that covers IFR within 3 months or participating in a cyclic system which covers IFR operations. Otherwise o 3 IAP within 90days o At least 1 IAP in the same aircraft category or approved sim o 3D – previous 90days o 2D – previous 90days o CDI – previous 90days o Azimuth– previous 90days
• Limitations – IPC
o Need a valid IPC for the aircraft category and if wanting to exercise the privileges of the IPC in a Multi-engine aeroplane - Must have a valid IPC in a Multi-engine aeroplane
o If completing IPC within 3 months of validity of existing IPC you keep your original date (i.e. IPC could be valid for up to 15 months)
o If in cyclic system IPC only valid for operations conducted by the operator
• Requirements for grant of an ATPL o 21 years old o Hold CPL or MPL o Passed ATPL exams o Received training for the ATPL flight test o Passed the flight test o Meet the hour requirements o Completed an MCC course
• Requirements of the flight test
o Conducted under the IFR in a multi-engine turbine powered aeroplane and operated with a co-pilot or an approved sim
Requirements for an AOC
Canvassed under CAO 82.0 (the Instrument), 82.1 (Charter and Air Work), 82.3 (RPT other than High Cap), 82.5 (High Cap RPT, certified > 38 seats/4,200kg Payload).
AOC allows for commercial activities; Aerial Work, Charter, RPT. Operator must satisfy CASA the following:
• AOC
o Establish and maintain an organizational structure
o Implement a SMS
o Implement checking and training system of personnel and inspection and maintenance of aircraft;
o Train and assess HF and NTS skills
o Appoint key personnel such as CEO, HOFO, HAAMC, Head of checking and training, safety manager and any other qualified staff to establish and maintain the above-mentioned systems
o Provide and maintain facilities and documentation
• Facilities
o Operating HQ
o Crew base of adequate size and suitable for the operator’s operations
o Facilities for operational planning and the storage and display of essential records, with office services to ensure that operational notices can be circulated without delay
o A set of weighing scales for determining passenger and cargo weight
o Training facilities such as briefing rooms and training aids. A suitable place to assess CAO 20.11
• Documentation
o Each base must have maps, charts and flight guides
o A reference library
Ops manual
Training and checking manuals
Dangerous goods manual
A maintenance manual
A copy of the act and relevant CAO’s
o Regularly updated
o Must maintain currency of:
Medical certificates
Ratings and endorsements
Flight and duty times
Recency of route and aerodrome qualifications
Crew rosters
Load sheets (pax and cargo)
Fuel records
Training and checking records
Classifications of operations
CAR 206
Aerial work requiring an AOC:
I. Aerial surveying,
II. Aerial spotting,
III. Agricultural operations,
IV. Aerial photography,
V. Advertising
VI. Balloon flying training (within the meaning of sub regulation 5.01 (1) for the grant of a balloon flight crew license or rating;
VII. Ambulance functions;
VIII. Carriage, for the purpose of trade, of goods being the property of the pilot, the owner or the hirer of the aircraft (not being a carriage of goods in accordance with fixed schedules to and from fixed terminals);
Charter purposes, being of the following kinds;
I. The carriage of passengers or cargo for hire or reward to or from any place, other than carriage in accordance with fixed schedules to and from fixed terminals;
II. The carriage, in accordance with fixed schedules to and from fixed terminals, of passengers or cargo or passengers and cargo in circumstances in which the accommodation in the aircraft is not available for use by persons generally;
RPT operations definition:
I. The purpose of transporting persons generally, or transporting cargo for persons generally, for hire or reward in accordance with fixed schedules to and from fixed terminals over specific routes with or without intermediate stopping places between terminals.
IN SUMMARY THERE ARE 4 TYPES OF OPERATION:
o Aerial work operations
o Charter operation
o Regular public transport operations – transport persons & cargo generally, hire & reward, fixed schedules, to & from fixed terminals over specific routes with or without intermediate sopping between terminals
o Private operations – no remuneration, cost shared, less then 6 pax, no public notice/advertisement
Types of information contained in an operations manual
• CASA describes it as a “A how to do it book” • CAAP 215 (3.2) Guide to the preparation of operations manuals • Template example o Part A – Policy and procedures General operating policy o Part B – Aircraft operations (aircraft specific) A320 Performance manual A320 SOPs A320 Weight and balance manual o Part C – Route Manual Aerodrome details/hazards Noise abatement procedures o Part D – Training and checking manual o Part E – Miscellaneous EFBs ACARS EDTO
Flight and duty times
CAO 48.1 – Check appendices 2, 3 and 4.
• Flight and duty varies between operations and operators see companies operations manual for adopted policy
• Rest
o 8hrs consecutive rest within 10hrs immediately before commencing FDP/Standby period – away from base
o 8hrs consecutive rest within 12hrs immediately before commencing FDP/standby – Home base
• Must not exceed:
o 100hrs in 28days
o 1000hrs in 365 days
o 60hrs in 168hrs (7 days)
o 100hrs in 336hrs (14 days)
• Consult applicable table in order to determine max FDP given number of sectors and sign on time
• FDP can be extended in unforeseen circumstances by up to 1hr and 1 sector if fit to fly
Applicability of drug and alcohol regulations
CAR 256 – Rules regarding intoxicated persons
CASR Part 99 – outlines the regulatory framework for a DAMP
• Always consult DAME if unsure about a particular drug, if unable to contact DAME do not fly
• Change in medical condition – must be reported to your DAME or CASA within 5 days if lasting for more then
o Class 1: 7 days
o Class 2: 30 days
• 4 rules concerning alcohol and flight crew
o An intoxicated person shall not enter any aircraft
o An operating member of the crew shall not be impaired (hungover) by any drug or alcohol
o A person shall not perform any duties or preparatory duties if the person has consumed alcoholic liquor in the period of 8hrs immediately preceding the departure of the aircraft
o An operating crew member shall not consume alcohol whilst on duty
• Permitted level of alcohol
o 0.02g/210lts of breath
Aircraft instrument requirements
CA0 20.18 and relevant appendices
For oxygen requirements, check CAO 20.4
• Equipment for flight under the IFR
o Flight and navigational instruments specified in the applicable 20.18 appendix (see appendix 2)
o Any instruments or indicators specified in the aeroplane flight manual
o The minimum light equipment specified in appendix V of CAO 20.18
o In single pilot RPT - a boom or throat microphone with a PTT on the control column.
o RPT aircraft – requires an AP, this AP can be unserviceable providing the aircraft is equipped with
Dual controls and
2 functioning control seats
o Charter and Aerial work aircraft can operate under the IFR single pilot without an AP for a period of 3 days
• Wipers
o for windscreen
• Recording equipment (FDR and cockpit voice recorder)
o required for aircraft above 5,700kgs which it turbine powered or requires a type certificate
• Altitude alerting system or assigned altitude
o Pressurized turbine-engine aircraft operating in controlled airspace under the IFR must have an altitude alerting system or an assigned altitude indicator
• GPWS
o Turbine engine aircraft MTOW 15T or more or is carrying 10 or more pax and is engaged in RPT or charter operations must not be operated under the IFR unless it is fitted with a GPWS that has a predicative terrain hazard warning functions
• Transponder (ADS-B)
o An aircraft operating in controlled airspace under the IFR must have ADS-B
o If operating above 10000ft in controlled airspace need a Mode – S transponder (also requirement if operating at major city airports)
• RPT and charter aircraft must have a GNSS system
• Serviceability – must be serviceable before flight unless:
o Approved by CASA
o Permissible unserviceability set out on the MEL
o Pax convenience item and does not effect airworthiness
o Placarded “UNSERVIABLE” if multiple functions only the functions that are unserviceable
• The holder of an AOC
o MEL and include the list in the operations manual
• “COSTPAAA + 6 Pack”
o Compass
o OAT
o Suction gauge (or Ammeter)
o Time piece (RPT/Charter – fixed to aircraft)
o Pitot heat
o Alternate static or dual flush static ports
o Assigned altitude indicator (altitude alerting system)
o Auto Pilot
o +
o ASI
o ALT
o AH
o DG
o TC
o VSI
• Lighting
1. Instrument illumination
2. Intensity control
3. Landing lights (2 landing lights or a single lamp with two separately energized filaments)
4. Passenger compartment lights
5. Pilots’ compartment lights
6. Position and anti-collision lights
7. Emergency lighting
Emergency equipment requirements
(CAO 20.11)
• Life Jackets - for each occupant required when:
o Multi-engine aircraft operating – greater than 50 miles overwater
o Takeoff/approach is overwater
• Life rafts – sufficient life rafts to provide a place in a life raft for each person onboard the aircraft are required when:
o 2 turbine engines a distance equal to 120 minutes at normal cruising speed, or 400nm whichever is less
• Emergency signaling equipment – an aircraft required to carry a lift raft must be fitted with or carry:
o When more then 1 lift raft is carried at least:
1 ELT and 1 portable ELT or
2 portable ELTs
A supply of pyrotechnic distress signals
• Portable megaphones
o RPT with a capacity of 60-100 must be fitted with 1 portable megaphone
o RPT with a capacity of 100+ must be fitted with 2 portable megaphones
• Survival equipment – suitable for sustaining life appropriate to the area being overflown:
o When carriage of lift rafts is required
o Operations over remote areas
o On such flights as directed by CASA
• Illumination of emergency exits – where an aircraft is in flight and less than 1000ft above terrain or on the ground with passengers onboard then either:
o The emergency lighting system shall be switched on; or
o The normal cabin lights shall be switched on and the emergency lighting system shall be armed
• Emergency procedures – The operator of charter/RPT shall specify in the aircrafts operations manual the procedures for handling:
o Emergency decompression; and
o Fire on the ground or in the air; and
o Flight crew compartment impact drill; and
o Emergency evacuation; and
o Ditching where appropriate
• Assignment of emergency duties
o The operator and PIC shall assign a qualified crew member there duty in an emergency situation
o They shall not be assigned a duty if they have not proven competent in the annual check
• Briefing of passengers
o Smoking; and
o Seat belts; and
o Location of emergency exits; and
o Use of oxygen; and
o Use of floatation devices; and
o Stowage of hand luggage; and
o Presence of special survival equipment where applicable
o Note: the operator of a charter/RPT aircraft shall supplement the oral briefing with a printed matter carried in convenient locations and must contain:
Diagrams of emergency exits
Instructions RE emergency equipment
Brace position for landing or ditching
• Handicapped person
o Individually briefed
• PA system required for RPT operations with more then 10 seats
CAO 20.4 - PROTECTIVE BREATHING EQUIPMENT
• Protective breathing equipment for flight crew members
• 10.1 A pressurised aircraft that, under the aircraft’s flight manual, requires a flight crew of more than 1 pilot to fly the aircraft must be equipped with:
(a) protective breathing equipment at each flight crew member duty station, being equipment that is capable of providing a 15 minute supply of protective oxygen for each flight crew member in accordance with subsection 7 of section 108.26 of the Civil Aviation Orders; and
(b) a portable protective breathing equipment unit on, or immediately adjacent to, the flight deck, being a unit that complies with subsection 7 of section 108.26 of the Civil Aviation Orders or with TSO C116.
Requirements for landing areas and aerodromes
(CAAP 92 & CAR 139/MOS 139)
CAR 139.040 When an aerodrome certificate is required:
(1) A person must not operate an aerodrome to which sub regulation (3) applies if the aerodrome is not a certified aerodrome.
Penalty: 50 penalty units.
(2) An offence against sub regulation (1) is an offence of strict liability.
(3) This sub regulation applies to an aerodrome that:
(a) Has a runway that is suitable for use by aircraft having:
(i) A maximum passenger seating capacity of more than 30 seats; or
(ii) A maximum carrying capacity of more than 3 400 kilograms; and
(B) is available for use in regular public transport operations or charter operations by such aircraft.
Reference ‘Design Standards for Licensed Aerodromes’ CASA website
Jepp Lighting ATC AU-304
RPT Aircraft must have runway end light, runway edge lighting, taxiway lighting, apron flood lighting, obstacle lighting and wind sock lighting.
• Airport Categorization (Tiger ops manual)
o Cat A
A RWY aligned IAP
1 RWY with no performance limit for takeoff/landing
Circling minima not higher then 1500ft above airport elevation
Night operation capability
o Cat B
An airport that does not satisfy the CAT A requirements or which extra considerations such as:
• Terrain which abnormally constrain approaches or departures
• Unusual approach or departure considerations
• Local weather phenomena
o Cat C
An airport which requires additional considerations significant terrain, wx or airspace considerations etc.
o Cat B/C require annual study packs to be completed
o Cat C may have to complete simulator training and be observed flying in/out of port
• PCN – Pavement classification numbers
o A320 @ 61T = 40,
o A320 @ 77T = 52
• ICAO aerodrome reference (Balanced Field Length and Wingspan)
o A320-200: 4C
o C510: 2A
Fuel planning and oil requirements for flight
(CAR 234/CAAP 234)
“PIC must ensure sufficient fuel and oil carried for planned flight”
Aircraft
Turbojet or turboprop aircraft
Flight Rules
IFR or VFR
Fixed Reserve
30 mins
Variable reserve:
5% (not less then 5 minutes @ holding speed @ 1500ft above the destination aerodrome)
Steps to identify and communicate fuel states
Step 1
The PIC is to continually ensure that the amount of useable fuel remaining on board is not less than the fuel required to proceed to an aerodrome where a safe landing can be made, with the planned fixed reserve remaining upon landing
Step 2
Request delay information when unexpected circumstances may result in landing at the destination aerodrome with less than fixed reserve
Step 3
Declare “MINIMUM FUEL” when committed to land at a specific aerodrome and any change in the existing clearance may result in a landing with less than planned fixed reserve fuel
Step 4
Declare a fuel emergency “MAYDAY MAYDAY MAYDAY FUEL” when the calculated fuel on landing at the nearest suitable aerodrome will be less than the planned fixed reserve
Managing passengers and cargo
• Load sheets - aircraft exceeding 5,700kg and all aircraft engaged in RPT operations shall ensure:
o A load sheet is completed prior to departure
o Shall be signed by the PIC, co-pilot or load controller
o Load sheet carried on the aircraft and in the case for RPT a copy is retained on the ground at the aerodrome of departure
o Operator shall retain a copy for 3 months after the flight
• Passenger list – charter or RPT
o The operator or operator representative (e.g. Swissport) shall compile a pax list and leave it for retention at the aerodrome of departure.
• Restraints
o Be able to withstand the maximum accelerations to be expected in-flight and in an emergency alighting such as ditching
o Cargo restraints shall be flame resistant
• Stowage
o Cargo shall not be stowed where is can cause damage to the aircraft
o Cargo may obstruct an emergency exit where sufficient other exists are available
o Whenever an emergency exit is obstructed, the emergency exit sign for that exit shall be covered or otherwise made ineffective
o Cargo shall not obstruct an aisle
o Where cargo is carried in an aircraft in which an aisle is not required the cargo shall be stowed:
As to ensure that crew members are able to move freely through the aircraft in a substantially upright position; or
A manner as approved by CASA
• Cargo on a passenger seat
o Cargo may be carried on an unoccupied pax seat, provided the load is distributed evenly and does not exceed 77kg, except where a seat load scheme permits a greater weight
• Cargo in pilot compartment
o <5700kgs cargo may be carried on a unoccupied control seat provided that:
It doesn’t exceed 77kgs or the weight permitted by the seat load scheme
Does not interfere with the operation of the aircraft
Flight controls are removed
• Placarding
o Cargo shall only be carried in a place or compartment with loading instructions
• Seats
o Each crew member and pax shall occupy a seat of an approved type:
During takeoff and landing; and
During an instrument approach; and
Below 1000ft above terrain; and
In turbulent conditions
o The operator must ensure that exit rows are occupied only by persons who are fully able and willing to assist with access to the emergency exits in the event of an emergency
• Seat belts and safety harnesses
o Must where a seatbelt in all circumstances as mentioned above
o At least 1 pilot shall wear a seatbelt or harness at all times during flight
• Adjustments of seats
o All seats shall be in the upright position for takeoff and landing
o If pax sick or other incapacity requires that a pax seat remains in the reclined position during takeoff or landing this is okay provided no person occupying the seat immediately behind and it will not impede an emergency evacuation
• Cabin attendants
o Chart or RPT shall carry:
36 – 216 pax shall carry 1 cabin attendant for every 36 pax
216 + not less than 1 cabin attendant for each floor level exit in any cabin with 2 aisles
• Aisles
o If required to carry 1 or more cabin attendants shall be provided with an aisle which shall at all times enable the cabin attendants to have unobstructed passage through the compartment front to rear
o Charter or RPT aircraft with less then 15 pax need not be provided with an aisle provided that the relevant requirements of section 20.11 can be complied with.
• Stowage of loose articles
o All aisles, passageways and exits shall be kept clear of obstructions when the aircraft has passengers on board and is in flight below 1000ft above terrain; or, except when embarking or disembarking passengers, is on the ground
o Approved stowage for solid articles means:
Under a pax seat, where there is an approved means of preventing solid articles from shifting forwards; or
In an overhead locker; or
Any locker or rack which have been designed to contain solid articles in flight.
• Passengers services (e.g. catering carts)
o Stowed during takeoff and landing, turbulent conditions and when not being used
• Carriage of pax in seats at which dual controls are fitted
o RPT – shall not be occupied by a person other than a licensed pilot or an employee of the operator of the aircraft unless approved by CASA. Details of such approval shall be included in the operations manual.
• Passenger capacity
o Shall not exceed the number demonstrated or the number otherwise approved by CASA, except that when infants are carried the number may be increased by 5% ( to the nearest whole number), provided the excess passengers are infants.
• Carriage of infants and children (Infant 2 or under; Child 2 – 15)
o Where the combined weight does not exceed 77kgs, two children may occupy 1 seat if:
Seated side by side
Lap strap only
Seat-belt is adjusted to secure both children at all times when a seat belt is required to be worn
o An infant may be carried in the arms or on the lap of an adult pax, in a bassinet or in an infant seat providing the bassinet or infant seat is restrained to prevent it from moving under the max accelerations to be expected in flight and in an emergency.
o When an infant is carried in the arms or on the lap of a pax the seat belt, when required to be worn, shall be fastened around the passenger carrying or nursing the infant but not around the infant
o For charter/RPT if carried in the arms of an adult the name of the infant shall be bracketed on the pax list with the name of the person carrying the infant
o An infant must not be carried in an exit seat during takeoff or landing unless the PIC is satisfied that the infants presence in the seat will not obstruct or hinder the escape of other persons from the aircraft
• Persons or pax who require assistance due to sickness, injury or disability
o The operator and PIC must ensure that any person who is sick, injured or disabled is not seated where he or she could obstruct or hinder access to any emergency exits.
o The operator and the PIC must ensure that:
All reasonable precautions to prevent hazard to other persons on the aircraft; and
Procedures are in place to enable particular attention to be given to any such pax in an emergency; and
Ensure individual briefings on emergency procedures are given
o Stretcher patients
Stretcher must be secured to the aircraft
The patient must be secured by an approved harness to the stretcher or aircraft structure
Aircraft loading system
Refer FCOM
