Atoms & Molecules Flashcards by Abri Grobler

What is the valency of an atom?

Its bonding possibility/The number of electrons participating in bonding

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What is the oxidation state of silver?

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Give the formula of ammonium

NH⁴⁺

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Give the formula of hydronium

H3O⁺

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Give the formula of hydroxide

OH⁻

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Give the formula of nitrite

NO2⁻

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Give the formula of nitrate

NO3⁻

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Give the formula of permanganate

MnO4⁻

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Give the formula of chlorate

ClO3⁻

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Give the formula of ethanoate/acetate

CH3COO⁻

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Give the formula of carbonate

CO3²⁻

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Give the formula of sulphite

SO3²⁻

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Give the formula of sulphate

SO4²⁻

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Give the formula of chromate

CrO4²⁻

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Give the formula of dicromate

Cr2O7²⁻

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Give the formula of manganate

MnO4²⁻

Give the formula of phosphate

PO4³⁻

What is a lone pair of electrons

A pair which had not participated in bonding

Where is the strongest repulsion found among electrons?

Between lone pairs

Give the bonding angle in an ammonia molecule

107.3º

Give the bonding angle in a water molecule

104.5º

Give the bonding angle in a methane molecule

109.5º

Why are metallic compounds good thermal conductors?

The ions are close to each other. When heated, the ions vibrate and collide.

Why do covalent compounds not conduct?

No charges are present

State why ionic compounds are only conductive in liquid state

The ions are able to vibrate freely. In solid state they vibrate around fixed positions.

What is electronegativity?

The ability of an atom to attract electrons

What is a ligand?

Element/compound with at least one lone pair of electrons which can be donated

Define an allotrope

Same element with different structures and properties

Describe the structure of diamond

- Each carbon atom is bonded to four others, forming a 3D structure - One large molecule - Strong intra-molecular forces

Name the properties of diamond

- Extremely hard - High MP & BP - High density - No electrical conductivity

Name the uses of diamond

- Cutting diamonds - Jewelry - Drill bits

Describe the structure of graphite

- Every carbon atom is bonded to three other carbon atoms - Delocalised electrons - Forming layers with the ability to slide

Name the properties of graphite

- Brittle - Excellent electrical conductor - Lower MP&BP - Lower densit

Name the uses of graphite

- Pencils - Sport equipment - Electrodes in the electrolysis of Al - Lubricant - Restaurant curtains

Explain what happens to the atomic radii of atoms accross the periods

Across a period the atomic radius decreases, due to more protons and electrons, which means stronger forces of attraction

Explain what happens to the atomic radii of atoms down the groups

Down a group the group the atomic radius increases, due to more energy levels

Explain what happens to the atomic radius of an atom when it becomes: A cation, An anion

Cation: Decreases due to the loss of the outer energy level Anion: Increases due to more electrons, which repel each other stronger in the outer energy level

Give the properties of a mixture

- Can be separated physically - No or little energy involved when forming - Composition can vary - Physical properties are intermediate between those of the component substances - Chemical properties of the component substances remain the same

Give the properties of a compound

- Can not be separated physically, only chemically - Energy is involved in formation - Composition can not vary - Physical properties are individual and not a result of the - component elements - Chemical properties different from component elements