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Physics p1 > Atoms and isotopes, radiation and nuclear model > Flashcards

Atoms and isotopes, radiation and nuclear model Flashcards

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1
Q

In an ion, how many electrons are there to protons?

A

An unequal number

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2
Q

What’s the amount of protons and electrons in a normal atom like?

A

The values are the same

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3
Q

What is mass number?

A

This is the number of protons and neutrons

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4
Q

What is atomic number?

A

Number of protons (/electrons);

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5
Q

Where are neutrons and protons found?

A

In the nucleus

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6
Q

Where are electrons found?

A

They orbit the nucleus in shells

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7
Q

What is the size of a neutron

A

1

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8
Q

What is the size of a proton

A

1

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9
Q

What is the size of an electron?

A

Very small 0.000000001

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10
Q

What is the charge of a neutron?

A

0

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11
Q

What is the charge of a proton?

A

+1

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12
Q

What is the charge of an electron?

A

-1

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13
Q

What is an isotope?

A

A different form of an element with the same number of protons but different amounts of neutrons

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14
Q

What is the charge of an ion when electrons and gained

A

Negative charged ion

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15
Q

What is the charge of an ion when the electrons are lost

A

Positive charged ion

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16
Q

What are the three types of decay?

A

Alpha, beta and gamma

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17
Q

What is the range in air of alpha particles?

A

Few cm

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18
Q

What is the ionising power of alpha?

A

Very strong

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19
Q

What is the penetration power of alpha?

A

It is stopped by skin / plastic / paper

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20
Q

What is the range in air of beta particles?

A

Few metres

21
Q

What is the ionising power of beta?

A

Medium

22
Q

What is the penetration power of beta?

A

It is stopped by aluminium

23
Q

What is the range in air of gamma particles?

A

Great distances

24
Q

What is the ionising power of Galla particles?

A

Weak

25
Q

What is the penetration power of Gamma?

A

It is stopped by thick lead

26
Q

What is radioactive decay?

A

unstable atoms randomly emit radiation to become stable

27
Q

How can radioactive decay be detected?

A

The use of a Geiger muller tube

28
Q

What is the unit of decay?

A

Becquerel

29
Q

What types of radiation ionise?

A

All types of radiation

30
Q

What is the change in mass number and change in atomic number when an alpha particle is emitted?

A

Mass number —— +4
Atomic number —— +2

31
Q

What is the change in mass number and change in atomic number when a beta particle is emitted?

A

Mass number —— +0
Atomic number —— -1

32
Q

What is the change in mass number and change in atomic number when a gamma ray is emitted?

A

No change

33
Q

What is the change in mass number and change in atomic number whenever a neutron particle is emitted?

A

Mass number —— +1
Atomic number —— +0

34
Q

What is contamination?

A

Unwanted presence of radioactive atoms

35
Q

What is irradiation?

A

Person is in exposed to radioactive source

36
Q

What is a half life?

A

The time taken to lose half of its initial radioactivity

37
Q

What is the unit that measures dose of radiation?

A

Sievert

38
Q

What is a background in radioactivity?

A

Constant low level environmental radiation, e.g from nuclear testing, nuclear power waste.

39
Q

What are the uses of different isotopes with different half lives?

A

Short half-lives used in high doses, long half lives used in low doses

40
Q

What are half life tracers that are used within the body?

A

Isotope with short half life injected, allowed to circulate and collect in damages areas. PET scanner used to detect emitting radiation. Must be beta or gamma as alpha does not penetrate the body.

41
Q

What is radiation therapy that is used to treat illnesses e.g cancer.

A

Cancer cells killed by gamma rays. High dose used to kill cells. Damage to healthy cells prevented by focussed gamma ray gun.

42
Q

What is the order of people who formed the discovery of the nucleus?

A

Democritus, JJ thomson (1897), Thomson (1904), Geiger and Marsden (1909) , Rutherford (1911), Bohr (1913), Chadwick (1932)

43
Q

What was Democritus’s findings?

A

Suggested idea of atoms as small spheres that cannot be cut

44
Q

What was JJ thomson’s findings in 1897?

A

Discovered electrons emitted from surface of hot metal. Showed electrons are negatively charged and that they are much less massive than atoms.

45
Q

What was Thomsons findings in 1904?

A

Proposed ‘plan pudding’ model - atoms are a ball of positive charge with negative electrons embedded in it

46
Q

What was Geiger and Marsden’s findings in 1909?

A

Directed beam of alpha particles at a thin sheet of gold foil. Found some travelled through, some were deflected, some bounced back.

47
Q

What was Rutherford’s findings in 1911?

A

He used the gold foil experiment a d concluded alpha particles deflect due to electrostatic interaction between the very small charged nucleus. Proposed mass and positive charge contained in nuclear while electrons found outside the nucleus, cancelling the positive charge exactly.

48
Q

What were Bohr’s findings in 1913?

A

Suggested modern model of atom — electrons in circular orbit around the nucleus, electrons can change orbits by emitting or absorbing electromagnetic radiation. This then lead to the idea that some of the nucleus particles are positive, protons.

49
Q

What was chadwick’s findings in 1932?

A

Discovered neutrons in nucleus enabling other scientists to account for mass of atom.

Physics p1 (8 decks)

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