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atoms Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are atoms

A

smallest functional units of matter that form all chemical substances. cannot be further broken down by ordinary chemical or physical means. each specific type of atom is a chemical element

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2
Q

what are the 3 types of subatomic particles

A
  1. protons
  2. neutrons
  3. electrons
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3
Q

which 2 subatomic particles contribute to mass

A
  1. protons
  2. neutrons
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4
Q

what is the number of protons

A

the identity number of the element

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5
Q

what is the number of neutrons

A

the isotopic identity

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6
Q

what is the number of electrons

A

the charge of the element

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7
Q

tell me about protons

A
  • positive charge
  • found in the nucleus
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8
Q

tell me about neutrons

A
  • neutral charge
  • found in nucleus
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9
Q

tell me about electrons

A
  • negative charge
  • found in orbitals
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10
Q

if the number of protons and electrons are equal, that means the atom has what

A

no net charge

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11
Q

the number of what subatomic particle can vary

A

neutrons

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12
Q

what is the atomic number

A
  • number of protons
  • number of electrons if the net charge is zero
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13
Q

what does the number of protons do

A

distinguish one element from another

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14
Q

what shape are s orbitals

A

spherical

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15
Q

what shape are p orbitals

A

propeller or dumbbell shape

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16
Q

what happens to the energy as you approach the outer orbitals

A

it is increasing

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17
Q

what orbitals are found in the first shell

A

1s

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18
Q

what orbitals are found in the second shell

A

2s, 1p

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19
Q

how many electrons are in each orbital

A

2

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20
Q

how many orbitals are found in the second shell

A
  • 1 2s orbital
  • 3 1p orbital
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21
Q

do electrons want to fill up orbitals

A

yes, electrons tend to pair up and fill orbitals

22
Q

what is it called when there’s only one electron in an orbital

A

an unpaired electron

23
Q

what’s the principle called which describes how orbitals are filled by electrons

A

the Aufbau principle

24
Q

in the Aufbau principle, what does n represent

A

the number of shells (rows on the periodic table)

25
Q

when filling orbitals, in which order do you fill them

A

lower energy -> higher energy
1s ->2s ->2p ->2p ->2p

26
Q

if all the shells are full and it is a gas, what kind of gas is is

A

inert gas

27
Q

if you have a number of electrons which will lead to an uneven number in the 2p orbitals, how do you spread out the electrons

A

space them out within the 2p orbitals

28
Q

what happens in the excited-state carbon atom

A

there are four valance orbitals each bearing one electron (2s, 2px, 2py, and 2pz). Thus, the excited-state carbon atom can form 4 covalent bonds

29
Q

electrons in the outer shell available to combine with other atoms are called what

A

valence electrons

30
Q

if an element has 10 protons how many electrons are held in the second shell

A

8

31
Q

an element has 10 protons, how many unpaired valence electrons does it have

A

0

32
Q

what do elements in the same row have in common

A

the same number of shells

33
Q

what do elements in the same column have in common

A

the same number of unpaired electrons

34
Q

what 2 subatomic particles are nearly the same in mass

A

protons and neutrons

35
Q

what does the atomic mass scale indicate

A

an atom’s ,ass relative to the mass of other atoms

36
Q

the most common form of carbon has 6 protons and 6 neutrons. what is the atomic mass

A

12

37
Q

what does a dalton measure

A

atomic mass

38
Q

one Dalton equals ___ the mass of a carbon atom ore the mass of a hydrogen atom

A

1/12

39
Q

because a dalton has the atomic mass of 1/12 a carbon atom, what is the atomic mass of carbon

A

12

40
Q

what does a mole measure

A

one mole of any element contains the same number of atoms

41
Q

what is avogadros number

A

6.022 x 10^23

42
Q

what is an isotope

A

multiple forma of any element that differ in the number of neutrons

43
Q

if carbon is an isotope represented as 14C and has 6 protons, how many neutrons does it have

A

8

44
Q

what does it mean if an isotope is unstable

A

it is radioactive

45
Q

what do radioactivity dear rates help biologists do

A

to date fossils

46
Q

what do radioactive isotopes help biologists do

A

label and trace/follow molecules as they are used by cells

47
Q

what 4 elements make up about 95% of the atoms in living organisms

A
  1. hydrogen
  2. oxygen
  3. carbon
  4. nitrogen
48
Q

where do hydrogen and oxygen primarily occur

A

in water

49
Q

where is nitrogen most often found

A
  • proteins
  • DNA
  • RNA
50
Q

what element is the building block of all living matter

A

carbon

51
Q
A

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