Atomic & Subatomic Particles Flashcards
Protons
Mass, positive charge, located in the nucleus
Neutrons
mass, neutral charge, located in the nucleus
Electrons
No mass, negative charge, organized into sells and orbitals
Atomic
Mass
Number of
Protons + Neutrons
Atomic
Number
Number
Of Protons
Isotopes
alternative forms of atoms differing in numbers of neutrons
Radioactive isotopes
decay spontaneously giving off particles and energy.
Electron shells
where electrons on found- each with set distance from nucleus and energy level.
Valence electrons
those found in outermost shell- these determine behavior of atom.
4 Types of Chemical Bonds from strongest to weakest
1) Covalent Bonds
2) Ionic Bonds
3) Hydrogen Bonds
4) Van der Waals Interactions
Covalent Bonds
formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms.
Polar covalent bond
electrons of a bond are not shared equally.
nonpolar covalent bonds
Bonds between two atoms of same electronegativity
Ionic Bond
Sometimes atoms so electronegative they strip electrons from their bonding partners
ion
A charged atom (or molecule)
ionic bond
attraction between an anion and a cation
Hydrogen bond
forms when a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to one electronegative atom is also attracted to another electronegative atom.
Van der Waals Interactions
If electrons are distributed asymmetrically in molecules or atoms, they can result in “hot spots” of charge
acid
any substance that increases the H+ concentration of a solution
base
any substance that reduces the H+ concentration of a solution
Buffers
molecules that help maintain pH within a narrow range.
