Atomic Structure- the atom + periodic table Flashcards
- What are the subatomic particles?
- What are the charges of each?
- Which ones have similar masses?
- Where are each located inside of an atom?
- protons (+), neutrons (neutral), electrons (- charge)
- protons and neutrons have similar masses
- nucleus: protons + neutrons ; electron shells/ levels orbitals: electrons
Which subatomic particles contribute to the atomic mass/ weight?
protons and neutrons
Which subatomic particles contribute to charge of an ion?
- protons (+)
- electrons (-)
What is the charge of the nucleus of an atom?
+ bc protons + neutrons
Where are the orbitals located in an atom?
in the energy levels/ shells
Describe an atom (3)
- mostly empty space
- part of matter that uniquely defines an element
- most basic complete unit of an element
Describe an element (3)
- made up of 1 or 2 atoms
- most basic type of matter
- characterized by the number of protons = atomic #
What does the atomic # of an element represent?
number of protons
What is the # of protons stand for in an element?
atomic #
In a neutral atom/element, what 2 subatomic particles are the same in #?
protons and electrons, so that there is a net charge of 0.
can look at ipad the atom notes for 2 practice questions
What is the atomic weight/ mass of an element?
average # of protons + neutrons of all the isotopes of an element
What is the mass # if an element?
number of protons + # of neutrons [whole number version of atomic mass, rounded up]
How do you calculate the number of neutrons of an element?
mass # - # of protons
What is regular notation?
What is another name for this?
- mass #, element, atomic #
- elemental symbal
What is an isotope (3)?
- different forms of an atom/ element
- SAME number of protons BUT DIFFERENT number of neutrons, so different mass # as well
- can be stable or radioactive (decaying)
What is the isotope notation?
mass #, element, atomic # OR element- mass #
Carbon
* valence electrons?
* atomic #?
* atomic mass?
- 4
- 6
- 12
H
* valence electrons?
* atomic #?
* atomic mass?
- 1
- 1
- 1
O
* valence electrons?
* atomic #?
* atomic mass?
- 6
- 8
- 15.9 , so about 16
What makes up a molecule?
What are the 2 types? Describe.
- 2 or more atoms
2 types
* if same atoms in the natural form, makes the diatomic elements (Have No Fear Of Ice Cold Beer)
* if different atoms, makes compounds (ie. NaCl, NH3, HCl, H2O, CO2)
What are ions (2) including same what and different what?
- an atom or group of atoms (polyatomic ions) that HAVE A CHARGE.
- have the SAME number of protons, BUT DIFFERENT number of electrons
Ions
- What are the two types of ions?
- Are they negative or positive? Why (ie. more or less protons/ electrons than the other)?
- How are they formed? What type of substance forms them?
- cations- postive (so more protons than electrons), form from the loss of e-‘s (to get full valence shell) by the metals
- anions- negative (so more electrons than protons), form from the gain of e-‘s (to get full valence shell) by the nonmetals
practice questions in ipad the atom doc.
List the atomic structure in order (4 things)
subatomic particle –> atom –> element –> molecule
Istotopes always have the same number of _ and different number of __
protons; neutrons (and so diff mass #)
Ions always have the same number of _ and different number of __
protons; electrons
How do you find the atomic mass of an atom/ element?
number of protons + number of neutrons
How do you find the charge of an atom/ element?
protons + electrons
The number of valence electrons in an atom/ element means the number of ___ that can be made?
bonds
in reality, the number of bonds an atom can form is based on the number preceding in the ionic charge a neutral atom would form
Neutral elements with more than 4 valence e’s (ie. 5, 6, 7), what do these elements do to form an ion?
lots of valence electrons, so will gain more e-‘s (become anions) to form a full valence shell to become like its nearest noble gas
Neutral elements with 4 valence e-‘s and less (so 3,2,1), what do these elements do to form ions?
low number of valence eletrons, so will lose electrons (become cations) to get a full valence shell. to become likes its nearest noble gas
Generally, where do the metals lay on the periodic table
- left side
- EXCEPTION: hydrogen is actually a NON-metal
Describe metals
* what type of ion do they tend to make and why?
* give 6 other characteristics
* what are ones i need to memorize?/ What are the valence electron numbers of those?
- cations , which is from metals losing electrons bc there are few electrons in the outer/valence shell to begin with
Other characteristics
* shiny metallic luster
* GREAT heat and electrical conductors
* ductile (can be compressed into a thin wire)
* malleable (flexible, so can be hammered into different shapes without breaking)
* high density
* high melting and boiling point
Examples
* H, Na, K- 1 valence electron
* Ca, Mg - 2 valence electrons
Generally, where do the nonmetals lay on the periodic table?
right side
Describe NON-metals
* what type of ion do they tend to make and why?
* give 5 other characteristics
* what are ones i need to memorize?/ What are the valence electron numbers of those?
- anions, which means nonmetals tend to gain electrons bc their outer/ valence shell has lots of electrons to begin with (so dont want to lose em)
Characteristics
* dull appearance
* POOR heat and electrical conductors
* brittle - break easily
* low density
* low melting and boiling point
Examples
* 4, 5, 6, 7 valence electrons (CNOF) (PSCl)
Where are metalloids normally found on the periodic table?
starts at boron and staircases down
Describe metalloids
- can form cations or anions through loss of electrons or gain of electrons
- have both metal and nonmetal properties
The periodic table is arranged from L to R in order of what?
lowest atomic # (# of protons) [H] to the highest atomic # (# of protons) [Og]
- What is anothe name for the columns of the periodic table?
- What are 2 characteristics of these columns (ie. what do they tell you)?
- groups
- the elements in the same column share similar chemical properties
- tells use the number of valence electrons of the elements (max is 8) [EXCLUDING the transition metals]
- What is another name for the rows in the periodic table?
- What do the rows tell you?
- periods
- tells us the number of energy levels/ shells (orbitals are in the levels/shells)
What are the 4 diff orbital shapes? How many electrons can each shape hold?
- spdf
- s= 2; p= 6; d= 10; f= 14
What are the nature of oxides of metals, nonmetals, and metalloids?
- basic, acidic, and both, respectively
What general letter group are the main group elements? transition metals?
- A
- B
What are the 4 big groups the periodic table main group elements are grouped into ?
- alkali metals
- alkali earth metals
- halogens
- noble gases
Reactivity of the periodic table ___ from left to right bc ___
- decrease
- we want to gain or lose electrons to get to a full 8 valence shell bc that is the ULTIMATE stability
Describe alkali metals (charges they form and reactivity)
- form +1 charge
- highly reactive bc very close to becoming like a noble gas
Describe alkali earth metals (charges they form and reactivity)
- form a +2 charge
- highly reactive BUT not as reactive as alkali metals
Describe noble gases (charges they form and reactivity and 4 other characteristics). What is another name for them?
What ARE the noble gases?
- aka inert gases
- NON-reactive and the most stable bc they NATURALLY already have a full 8 valence shell. [ EXCEPTION: He, which has only 2 valence electrons bc only has 2 total electrons]
- low EN, low boiling point, odorless, colorless
- Helium, Neon, Argon, Kryton, Xenon, Radon
Describe halogens (charges they form and reactivity and 2 other characterisitcs). What type of elements do they form?
- form a -1 charge
- highly reactive bc very close to becoming like a noble gas
- high EN, toxic
- diatomic elements
neutral elements ___ electrons to form ___ and __ electrons to form ___ in order to do what?
- gain, anions
- lose, cations
- get a full 8 valence shell to become likes its nearest noble gas
What in general are the five periodic table trends?
- ionic charge
- atomic radii
- ionic radii
- ionization energy
- electronegativity
Describe ionic charges periodic table trend
in ipad
Describe the atomic radii periodic table trend
in ipad
Describe the ionic radii periodic table trend
in ipad
Describe the ionization energy periodic table trend
in ipad
Describe the electronegativity periodic table trend
in ipad
practice questions in ipad
What is the most EN atom?
fluorine- in the top right of periodic table
What atom has the largest atomic radii
Fr- in the lower left corner of periodic table
What type of atoms DO NOT participate in electronegativty?
noble gases bc already naturally have a full valence shell of 8 electrons.
What atom has the lowest atomic number? highest atomic number?
- lowest: hydrogen
- highest: Og
Atoms/ elements with 1, 2, 3, or 4 valence electrons will become what type of ion?
- cations (1+, 2+, 3+, 4+) –> more protons than electrons from losing electrons (bc less electrons in valence shell to begin with) to get a full valence shell of 8 to become likes its nearest noble gas
Atoms/ elements with 5, 6, or 7 valence electrons will become what type of ion?
anions (-3, -2, -1) –> more electrons than protons from gaining electrons (bc more electrons in valence shell to begin with so instead of losing them will gain) to get a full valence shell of 8 to become like its nearest noble gas
