Atomic Structure

Question 1

What is an isotope

Answer 1

A atom with the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons

Question 2

Orbitals rules (normal)

Answer 2

1-fill lower energy level first
2- fill orbitals singularly before pairing up

Question 3

Transition metals orbital rules

Answer 3

1- always fill 4s before 3d except for Cr (3d5 4s1)and Cu (3d10 4s1)
2-remove 4s before 3d

Question 4

What is ionisation energy

Answer 4

Energy required to remove one mole of electrons form one mole of gaseous atoms

Question 5

First ionisation energy equation

Answer 5

Li(g) —> li+(g) + e-

Question 6

Second ionisation energy equation

Answer 6

Li+ (g) —> li2+(g) + e-

Question 7

Third ionisation energy equation

Answer 7

Li2+(g) —> Li3+(g) + e-

Question 8

What does as spectrometer do

Answer 8

Measures the mass of atoms and molecules (Ar and Mr)

Question 9

How do you work out the Ar

Answer 9

Average mass of one atom/twelfth mass of a 12C atom

Question 10

How do you work out the Mr

Answer 10

Average mass of one one molecule/twelfth mass of a 12C atom

Question 11

What are the 4 steps of time of flight and mass spectrometer

Answer 11

1-ionisation
2-acceleration
3-ion drift
4-detection

Question 12

What are the two types of ionisation in TOF

Answer 12

1-electron gun
2-electron spray

Question 13

Electron gun equation

Answer 13

X(g) + e- —> X+(g) +2e-

Question 14

Electron spray steps

Answer 14

Sample is dissolved in a volatile solution and is then forced through a needle. High voltage is then applies which lead to the sample gaining a proton.

Question 15

Electron spray equation

Answer 15

X(g) + H+ —> XH+(g)

Question 16

What happens during detection

Answer 16

When positive ions hit the detector they pick up electrons from the detector causing ions to flow

Question 17

Mass spectrum calculations

Answer 17

V=d/t
KE=half MV2

Question 18

How do you calculate the Ar for isotopes

Answer 18

(Abundance x Ar) + (abundance x Ar) / total abundance