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Conservation of Natural Resources > atmospheric issues > Flashcards

atmospheric issues Flashcards

1
Q

Air pollutant

A

Airborne particles and gases that occur in concentrations that endanger health and well-being of organisms, or disrupt the orderly functioning of the environment

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2
Q

Primary Air Pollutant

A

a chemical that has been added directly to the air by natural events and occurs in harmful concentrations

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3
Q

Secondary Air Pollutant

A

harmful chemical formed in the atmosphere by reacting with normal air components or other air pollutants

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4
Q

Brief resident time

A

local impacts over a short period of time

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5
Q

example of brief resident time

A

vehicle exhaust

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6
Q

Longer resident time

A

regional to global impacts over long periods

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7
Q

example of longer resident time

A

greenhouse gases and ozone depleters

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8
Q

What type of pollutants are most harmful to humans?

A

carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds, sulfur dioxide and particulate matter

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9
Q

Where does carbon monoxide come from

A

from incomplete fuel combustion

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10
Q

Where does nitrogen oxide come from

A

reaction of nitrogen and oxygen due to high engines

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11
Q

Where does volatile organic compounds come from

A

from industrial solvents and vehicles

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12
Q

Where does sulfur dioxide come from

A

from electricity and energy

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13
Q

Where does particulate matter come from

A

from dust and combustion processes

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14
Q

Major sources of air pollution (general categories)

A

natural, stationary, mobile

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15
Q

Major specific sources of air pollution

A

transportation (mobile), fuel combustion, solid waste disposal, industrial processes

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16
Q

What is our most common air quality problem

A

Smog

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17
Q

What did smog first mean

A

smoke and fog

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18
Q

Two types of smog

A

industrial and photo chemical

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19
Q

Smog capital of U.S.

A

Los angeles

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20
Q

Smog capital of the world

A

Mexico city

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21
Q

Ranking pollutants for what they are

A

1) Carbon monoxide
2) Nitrogen Oxides
3) Volatile Organics
4) Sulfur Oxides
5) Particulates

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22
Q

Ranking pollutants for where they come from

A

1) Transportation
2) Stationary source fuel combustion
3) Industrial process
4) Miscellaneous
5) Solid Wast disposal

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23
Q

What kind of weather make smog worse

A

Hot weatehr

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24
Q

Where was the world’s first air pollution disaster

A

Belgium

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25
Q

When and where was the first U.S. air pollution

A

donora, pa 1948 from a steel mill

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26
Q

World’s worst air pollution

A

london, england

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27
Q

Clear air act of 1970 and 1977

A

Gave federal government authority to control air pollution

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28
Q

How does acid rain form

A

as water evaporte, dissoulved particles are left behind and precipitation collects it

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29
Q

What causes acid rain

A

air pollution

30
Q

What are the two major components to acid rain

A

sulfuric and nitric acids

31
Q

Why is time important in acid rain formation

A

because the longer emitted SO2 and NOx remains in the air, the more likely acid rain will form

32
Q

possible solution to acid rain problem

A

1) reduce SO2 and NOx emmissions

33
Q

What is the number one cause of environmental cancer risk

A

IAP

34
Q

Major indoor air pollutants

A

formaldehyde, asbestos, cigarette smoke, radon

35
Q

how many poisonous compounds are there in cigarettes

A

4500

36
Q

what is radon

A

a radioactive colorless, tasteless, gas

37
Q

How is radon produced

A

naturally from uranium in rocks and soil

38
Q

Stratospheric Ozone

A

a natural component of the stratosphere which is created and destroyed naturally at an equal rate

39
Q

What is the major human source of ozone destruction

A

Chlorofluorocarbons

40
Q

What destroys good ozone

A

chlorine atom triggering chemical reactions

41
Q

How long can cfc’s remain in the stratosphere destroying good ozone

A

50-100 yrs

42
Q

Major sources of CFC’s

A

foaming agents, cleaning agents, refrigerants, halon, aerosol

43
Q

Major problem with ozone depletion

A

the amount of uvb radiation reaching earth’s surface

44
Q

What effect does the ozone layer have on the earth’s surface

A

has direct effect on the stratosphere through its ability to absorb SW.

45
Q

What indirect effect does the ozone have on earth

A

Indirectly effects the troposphere by reducing the amount of insolation reaching surface

46
Q

What happens if less UV is absorbed the the ozone

A

the stratosphere will become cooler

47
Q

What happens if more UV is absorbed through the ozone

A

troposphere will become warmer

48
Q

Montreal Protocol

A

promised to stop CFC production by 2000

49
Q

How many countries have signed the montreal protocol

A

190

50
Q

Major substitute of CFC

A

HCFC

51
Q

What is Weather

A

short term daily atmospheric conditions for a given time at a specific place

52
Q

What is Climate

A

a description of aggregate weather conditions over 30-50 years

53
Q

How long has climatic data been collected

A

100 years

54
Q

Seafloor sediments

A

number and type of organism found reflect temperature of air in the past

55
Q

What is the oxygen isotope analysis used for seafloor sediment

A

18o and 16o

56
Q

Ice cores

A

Snow that falls in polar regions becomes part of the ice pack

57
Q

When is 18o more abundant in precipitation

A

When it is warmer

58
Q

Tree rings

A

characteristics of tree ring reflect annual climatic conditions

59
Q

What is the most accurate climate change detection method

A

tree rings

60
Q

The Greenhouse Effect

A

physical process where solar energy is transmitted relatively easily through the atmosphere and long wave energy is partially absorbed

61
Q

What major greenhouse gases come from carbon dioxide

A

burning fossil fuels and slash and burn

62
Q

What is the percentage of total green house gasses that come from carbon dioxide

A

50-60%

63
Q

What is the percentage of total green house gasses that come from methane

A

12-20%

64
Q

What major greenhouse gases come from methane

A

live stock, rice paddies

65
Q

percent of CFC in greenhouse gasses

A

15-25%

66
Q

Percent of nitrous oxide in greenhouse gasses

A

5%

67
Q

Feedbacks

A

if one thing happens, it influences the occurrence of something else

68
Q

Positive feedback

A

enhance global warming

69
Q

Negative feedback

A

reduce global warmijng

70
Q

Climate models

A

computer programs that run on world’s largest computer

71
Q

“no regrets” policy

A

help prevents global warming if its occuring

Conservation of Natural Resources (5 decks)

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