ATI - Chapter 16 Flashcards
Nurses use traditional nursing measures and complementary therapies, such as guided imagery, massage, relaxation and _____, to help promote health and prevent disease.
music
Levels of prevention address health-related activities that are primary, secondary, and tertiary. Levels of prevention are the same as levels of ____.
care
Risk Factors (6)
genetics gender physiologic factors environmental factors lifestyle - risk behaviors age
The risk factor called ______ is when heredity creates a predisposition for various disorders (heart disease, cancers, mental illness).
genetics
The risk factor called _____ is when some diseases are more common in one gender than the other. For example, women have a higher incidence of autoimmune disorders, while men have a higher suicide rate.
gender
The risk factor called ______ is when various physiologic states place clients at an increased risk for health problems (BMI above 25, pregnancy).
physiologic factors
This risk factor called _______ is when toxic substances and chemicals can affect health where clients live and work (water quality, pesticide exposure, air pollution).
environmental factors
This risk factor called _______ is when clients have control over how they choose to live, and making positive choices can reduce risk factors. Risk behaviors to screen for include stress, substance use disorders, tobacco use, diet deficiencies, lack of exercise, and sun exposure.
Lifestyle-risk behaviors
The risk factor called ______ is when screening guidelines from the American Diabetes Association, American Heart Association, and American Cancer Society promote early detection and intervention. These vary with individual practices (for example, a woman who is sexually active before the age of 20 should start screenings when sexual activity begins.
age
Frequency of some major exams and screenings are ______ for clients who are asymptomatic and do not have risk factors.
baseline
Tests specific for women
cervical cancer screening
breast cancer screening
Tests specific for men
clinical testicular examination
prostate-specific antigen test/ digital rectal examination
Routine physical exam for women should occur every ____ years and every _____ years for men from age 20 to 40, more often after the age of 60.
1-3 women
5 men
Dental assessment should occur every _____.
6 months
Tuberculosis screen should occur every ____. TB tests are generally not needed for people with a low risk of infection with TB bacteria. Higher risks include weak immune system and drug use. Health care workers should be screened ____.
year
annually
Blood pressure should be check at least every ____; _____ if previously elevated.
2 years
annually
Body Mass Index (BMI) should occur at each _____.
routine health care visit
Blood cholesterol should be tested starting at age ____, a minimum of every _____.
20
3 years
Blood glucose should be tested starting at age _____, a minimum of every _____.
45
3 years
Visual acuity and hearing acuity should be tested in those age 40 and under: every _____ years. Every ____ years in ages 40 to 65. Every year after age ____.
3 to 5 years
2 years
65
A skin assessment should be done every _____ by a skin specialist for age 20 to 40; annually over the age of ____.
3 years
40
A digital rectal exam (male) should be done during your _____ or annually if have at least a 10 year life expectancy. Consult with the provider if screen should continue after age ____.
routine physical examination
76
Colorectal screening should occur every year between the ages of _____ for high-sensitivity fecal occult blood testing, or flexible sigmoidoscopy every 5 years, or colonoscopy every _____. Consult with the provider if screen should continue after age 76
50 and 75
10 years
Cervical cancer screening should occur in ages 21 to 29? and a pap smear every ____ in ages 30 to 65, pap and hpv test every ____ years.
3 years
5 years
Breast cancer screening in ages 20 to 39 should be done every _____, then annually; ages 40 and older; ______ annually.
3 years
mammogram
Clinical testicular examination should be done at each routine health care visit starting at age ____.
20 years old
Prostate specific antigen test / digital rectal examination should occur ____ starting at age 50. Consult with the provider if screen should continue after age 76.
every year
_____ addresses the needs of healthy clients to promote health and prevent disease with specific protections. It decreases the risk of exposure individual/community to disease.
primary prevention
Methods of primary prevention
immunization programs child car seat education nutrition fitness activities health education in schools
Methods of secondary prevention
communicable disease screening, case finding
early detection, treatment of diabetes mellitus
exercise programs for older adults who are frail
Secondary prevention focuses on identifying illness, providing treatment, and conducting activities that help prevent a _____ health status.
worsening
Tertiary prevention aims to prevent the ______ of a chronic illness or disability and to support optimal functioning.
long-term consequences
Tertiary prevention begins ______ an illness or injury.
after
Tertiary prevention can involve ______ centers.
rehabilitation
Tertiary prevention can include referrals to ______.
support groups
Tertiary prevention can occur after spinal cord injury to prevent _____.
pressure ulcers
Tertiary prevention can include promoting ______ after a traumatic brain injury.
independence
The Healthy People 2020 provides a list of national objectives to promote health and prevent disease among the _____.
national population
The objectives of the Healthy People 2020 are updated every ______ and involve a collaborative effort for implementation by the local governments, voluntary and professional orgs, businesses, and ______.
20 years
individuals
Healthy People 2020 aims to improve health _____.
health priorities
Healthy People 2020 aims to improve awareness and ____ of the progress involving health, disease, and disability.
understanding
Healthy People 2020 aims to apply measurable health goals at the ______.
local, state, and national level
Healthy People 2020 aims apply _____ to strengthen polices and improve health practice.
best practice
Healthy People 2020 aims to ______ the need for research, evaluation and data collection of health disparities.
identify
Examine _____ to identify modifications, adopt mutually agreeable goals, and identify ______.
risk factors
support systems
Refer clients to educational/_______/Support resources. Help clients recognize benefits (not smoking reduces the risk of lung cancer) and overcome _____ (not smoking covers expenses for healthful pursuits).
community
barriers
Nurses should advocate for _____ in the community.
changes
By using behavior-change strategies you can identify clients’ ______ to receive and apply health information.
readomess
By using behavior-change strategies you can identify possible ____.
interventions
BY using behavior-change strategies you can help _____ change by setting realistic timelines.
motivate
By using behavior-change strategies you can _____ steps to change.
reinforce
By using behavior-change strategies you can assist the client to recognize his personal perceived barriers that can hinder _______ to adopting and maintaining the plan for a healthy lifestyle change.
commitment
By using behavior-change strategies you can encourage clients to _____ the change.
maintain
By using behavior-change strategies you can ____ healthy behaviors.
model
Promote healthy lifestyle behaviors by instructing clients to use _____ strategies.
stress management
Promote healthy lifestyle behaviors by instructing clients to get adequate ____.
sleep and rest
Promote healthy lifestyle behaviors by instructing clients to eat a nutritious diet to achieve and maintain a _____.
healthy weight.
Promote healthy lifestyle behaviors by instructing clients to avoid _____.
saturated fats
Promote healthy lifestyle behaviors by instructing clients to participate in ____ most days.
regular physical activity
Promote healthy lifestyle behaviors by instructing clients to use sunscreen, wear protective clothing and _____.
avoid sun exposure between 10 am and 4 pm
Promote healthy lifestyle behaviors by instructing clients to avoid _____ products, alcohol, and illegal drugs.
tobacco
Promote healthy lifestyle behaviors by instructing clients to practice ___ sex.
safe
Promote healthy lifestyle behaviors by instructing clients to seek medical care when necessary, get routine screenings and perform recommended _____.
self examination (breast, testicular)
A nurse is caring for a 19-year-old client who is sexually active and has come to the college health clinic
for the first time for a checkup. Which of the following interventions should the nurse perform first to
determine the client’s need for health promotion and disease prevention?
A. Measure the client’s vital signs.
B. Encourage HIV screening.
C. Determine the client’s risk factors.
D. Instruct the client to use condoms.
C. Correct: The first action the nurse should take using the nursing process is ASSESSMENT. The nurse should talk with the client first to determine what risk factors the client might have before initiating the appropriate health promotion and disease prevention measures
A nurse in a clinic is caring for a client who has multiple risk factors for cardiovascular disease. When planning health promotion and disease prevention strategies for this client, which of the following interventions should the nurse include ?(Select all that apply)
A. Help the client see the benefits of her actions
B. Identify the client’s support systems
C. Suggest and recommend community resources
D. Devise and set goals for the client
E. Teach stress management strategies
A. Correct: The nurse should help the client recognize the benefits of her health-promoting actions while also overcoming barriers to taking implementing actions.
B. Correct: Once the nurse has collected information about who can help the client change her unhealthful behaviors, she can suggest ways the client’s supportive friends and family can get involved.
C. Correct: The nurse should promote the client’s use of any available comity or online resources that can help her progress toward meeting her goals.
E. Correct: Stress is a contributing factor to cardiovascular disease, as well as many other specific and systemic disorders
D. Incorrect: The nurse and the client should work together to devise and set mutually agreeable goals that are also realistic and achievable.
A nurse in a health clinic is caring for a 21y.o. client who reports a sore throat. The client tells the nurse that he has not seen a doctor since high school Which of the following health screenings should the nurse expect the provider to perform for this client?
A.Testicular examination
B. Blood glucose
C. Fecal occult blood
D. Prostate-specific antigen
A. Correct: Starting at age 20, examinations for testicular cancer are appropriate, along with blood pressure and body mass index measurements and cholesterol determinations.
A nurse is talking with a client who recently attended a cholesterol screening event and a heart-healthy nutrition presentation at a neighborhood center. His total cholesterol result from the screening was 248mg/dL, so he saw his provider and received a medication prescription to improve his cholesterol. The client was later hospitalized for severe chest pain, and subsequently enrolled in a cardiac rehabilitation program. Which of the following activities of this client is an example of primary prevention?
A. Cholesterol screening
B. Nutrition presentation
C. Medication therapy
D. Cardiac rehabilitation
B. Correct: Primary prevention encompasses strategies that actually help prevent illness or injury. This level of prevention includes health information about nutrition, exercise, stress management, and protection from injuries and illness.
A. Incorrect: an example of secondary prevention
C. Incorrect: An example of secondary prevention
D. Incorrect: example of tertiary prevention
A nurse at a provider’s office is talking with a 45 y.o. client who has no specific family history of cancer or diabetes mellitus about planning her routine screenings. Which of the following client statements indicates that the client understands how to proceed?
A. “So I don’t need the colon cancer procedure for another 2 or 3 years?”
B. “For now, I should continue to have a mammogram each year.”
C.”Because the doctor just did a Pap smear, I’ll come back next year for another one.”
D. “I had my blood glucose test last year, so I won’t need it again until next year”
B. Correct: between the age of 40 and 50, women should have a mammogram annually.
Add application exercises key
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