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AG 1270 > Athens > Flashcards

Athens Flashcards

1
Q

What was different about Athens expansion in comparison to Sparta?

A

Athens peacefully absorbed nearby villages by turning them into citizens.

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2
Q

What was a consequence of Athens expansion?

A

Citizens had vastly different amounts of wealth.

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3
Q

How did Athens set out to fix the disparity of wealth between the elite and the poor?

A

Athens appointed Solon in 594B.C to lessen the tension between the classes, this was referred to the Reforms of Solon.

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4
Q

What was the goal of the Reforms of Solon and how did he try to achieve it?

A

The goal was to moderate unrealistic demands of the poor while curbing the excessive opportunism of the wealthy.
1. Established 4 classes of citizens based on wealth/land
2. Abolish debt slavery
3. Laws were published for everyone to see

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5
Q

Why did the reforms of Solon work?

A

The wealthy was satisfied that greater wealth provided greater political opportunity and poorer citizens were granted rights to participate fully in the assembly giving them greater access to the judicial system.

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6
Q

What were the reforms of Cleisthenes and when did they take place?

A

In 508 B.C, Cleisthenes restructured the political landscape.
1. Lottery for political positions
2. Divided Attica into 140 demes
3. Attempted to reduce family privilege by changing naming conventions to identify with one’s deme instead of one’s father.

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7
Q

What is a “deme” and how did it work?

A

A deme is a division of citizens who were divided based on very different populations, they were divided into 140 demes. 1-10 demes were then combined into a trittyes (third), there was a total of 30. 3 trittyes (1 coastal, 1 inland, and 1 urban) were then combined into a tribe resulting in a total of 10 tribes being formed.

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8
Q

What were the 2 key reasons why the tribes worked?

A
  1. Politically - Would send 50 citizens from each tribe to serve on the council of 500, this ensured each community would be heard.
  2. Militarily - Would go to war with people in their respective tribes, creating stronger unity within Attica.
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9
Q

How did Athens maintain democracy in regards to politics?

A

Athens used a lottery system to appointed magistrates, council members and jurors but did elect a general.

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10
Q

Why was Athens considered a democracy?

A

The definition of a citizen was very broad and the assembly had the most authority in politics.

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11
Q

What is an ostracism and what was it’s purpose?

A

The assembly would vote to see if they wanted to have an ostracism, if a minimum of 6000 ostracon were cast they would exile the citizen with the majority of votes. The purpose was to lessen strife within the community by exiling divisive leaders.

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12
Q

What are some reforms that took place in the early classical period?

A
  1. Pay for jurors and attending the assembly was introduced.
  2. Ephialtes took away power from the Areopagus and gave more power to the citizen juries.
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13
Q

Although Athens was a democracy, there was still restrictions on citizenship. What are some examples of this?

A
  1. An exclusion of enslaved people and women from political involvement and citizenship.
  2. Foreign residents had no way of securing citizenship.
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14
Q

What was the implication of poor citizens being rowers?

A

Part of the success of the trireme was the rowers, this role was filled by poor citizens. Because of the dependence on the rowers for the triremes success, this is why Athens allows for landless citizens to be citizens.

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15
Q

Why would being generous with liturgies be a good thing for wealthy individuals?

A

If you were generous it would be a public display of your democracy. Individuals with a lot of wealth were under suspicion of undermining the polis but if you were generous then you would not be investigated as intensely.

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16
Q

What court did Solon create?

A

Dikasteria - popular court

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17
Q

Name the three requirements of a juror.

A
  1. Had to be a citizen
  2. Over the age of 30
  3. Count not be indebt to state
18
Q

What was a Pinakion?

A

A form of identification from an individuals tribe. Would be used to randomly draw jurors.

19
Q

What is a Klepsydra and how was it used?

A

It was a water timer, used during speeches of the defense and the prosecution to ensure an appropriate amount of time was allocated to both.

20
Q

What were some defining features of the voting process for juries?

A

There are two vases, one bronze and one clay. The bronze is for those who believe the client is guilty, the clay is not counted. Each juror has 2 tablets, the one that is punctured is for guilty, the one without is for acquittal. Each person places one vote into each vase to ensure utmost secrecy.

21
Q

What were punishments that could take place if found guilty?

A
  1. Fines
  2. Public shaming
  3. Could lose citizenship (part of or all of)
  4. Exile
  5. Execution
22
Q

What are 2 forms of execution?

A
  1. Exposure (tie individual to a board and leave them exposed)
  2. Poison (more expensive, seen as more humane)
23
Q

What is disenfranchisement?

A

Losing citizenship completely

24
Q

What is atimia?

A

As a citizen, losing some privileges but maintaining citizenship.

25
Q

How was a homicide dealt with?

A

The family of the deceased would launch a dike and bring the case to the Areopagus where 50 elite male jurors would vote on the matter.

26
Q

What were the 4 statuses?

A
  1. Citizen
  2. Metoikos - not a citizen but registered with the government
  3. Foreigner - not enslaved or registered with government
  4. Enslaved person
27
Q

What were Solon’s 4 classes?

A
  1. Pentakosiomedimnoi - produced 500 or more bushels annually (were generals or commanders)
  2. Hippeis - produced 300 - 500 bushels annually (were knights/cavalry)
  3. Zeugitai - produced 200 - 299 bushels annually (hoplite)
  4. Thetes - produced less than 200 bushels annually
28
Q

How was citizenship limited?

A
  1. Both parents had to be citizens
  2. Forbade citizens from marrying other Greeks
29
Q

What were some privileges of being a citizen?

A
  1. could own land/property
  2. could vote
  3. could be a magistrate (or other public official)
  4. could act as a juror
30
Q

What were responsibilities of being a citizen?

A
  1. Expected to serve in military
  2. Wealthy individuals were taxed during emergencies (eisphora) and expected to pay liturgies
31
Q

What is a metoikos and what did it translate to?

A

A metic, translates to “one with a changed house”

32
Q

How could a Metic be registered with the government?

A

You needed a sponsor
1. Freed slaves would be sponsored by their master
2. Children with one citizen parent would be sponsored by that parent

33
Q

What were responsibilities of a Metoikos?

A
  1. Special tax
  2. Had to serve in military
34
Q

What were features of being enslaved?

A
  1. Could not be hurt by anyone except master
  2. Could not marry
  3. Cannot own property/land
  4. Could not use legal system (not entirely excluded, could a witness but testimony was only permitted if extracted while being tortured)
35
Q

How did the legal system treat those with different statuses and why was there that difference?

A

Free people would often receive fines whereas enslaved people would receive whippings or physical abuse. The belief was that enslaved people had not money, they had nothing except for their physical bodies.

36
Q

How could statuses change?

A
  1. Metic could become a citizen
  2. Enslaved person could become a Metic
  3. Loss of citizenship
  4. Becoming outlawed
37
Q

Importance of the Battle of Arginusae 406B.C?

A

Athens was losing the Peloponnesian war but enlisted metics and enslaved people as rowers. They served with such distinction that they were all granted citizenship.

38
Q

What was considered the middle class?

A

Zeugitai

39
Q

What were considered to be virtues of the wealthy?

A

The wealthy seeking prothumia and philotimia.

40
Q

What were vices of the wealthy?

A

Hubris, acting as though you are higher than you are.

41
Q
A

AG 1270 (9 decks)

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