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BOC Study Guide > AT Exam Review Section 1 > Flashcards

AT Exam Review Section 1 Flashcards

1
Q

phosphagen system

A

provides ATP primarily for short-term, high intensity activities (eg resistance training & sprinting) & is active at the start of all exercise regardless of intensity

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2
Q

aerobic respiration system (oxaditive)

A

primary source of ATP at rest & during low-intensity activities, uses primarily carbohydrates & fats as substrates

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3
Q

reciprocal inhibition

A

relaxation that occurs in the muscle opposing the muscle experiencing the increased tension

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4
Q

diarthrotic joint (synovial)

A

united by a joint capsule

contain synovial fluid

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5
Q

ginglymus joint (hinge)

A

permit flexion & extension only
occur in 1 plane (uniaxial)
elbow joint

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6
Q

sellar joint (saddle)

A

permit abduction & adduction, Flexion & extension & circumduction possible
occur in 2 planes (biaxial joint)
thumb (base)

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7
Q

agonist muscle

A

muscle that contracts

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8
Q

antagonist muscle

A

action opposite of agonist

muscle that lengthens

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9
Q

synergist muscle

A

assists agonist
increases movement efficiency
prevents unnecessary movement

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10
Q

fixators muscle

A

stops unwanted action at fixed attachment

point of a muscle

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11
Q

neutralizers muscle

A

stops unwanted action at mobile attachment point of a muscle

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12
Q

sarcolemma

A

the plasma membrane of a muscle fiber; formerly, the delicate connective tissue of the endomysium was include under this term by some

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13
Q

myofibril

A

one of the fine longitudinal fibrils occuring in a skeletal or cardiac muscle fiber comprising many regularly overlapped untramicroscopic thick and thin myofilaments

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14
Q

flat muscle

A

thin & broad

example - rectus abdominis

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15
Q

fusiform (spindle) muscle

A

spindle shaped

example - brachioradialis

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16
Q

triangular radiate muscle

A

fan shaped

example - trapezius

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17
Q

strap muscle

A

long parallel manner

example - sartorius

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18
Q

sphincter (circular) muscle

A

around a body opneing

example - orbicularis occuli

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19
Q

spiral muscle

A

arranged aroud long axis

example - latissimus dorsi

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20
Q

unipennate muscle

A

diagnonally arranged fibers from a central tendon on one side only
example - brachialis

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21
Q

bipennate muscle

A

diagonally arranged fibers from a central tendon on both sides
example - biceps femoris

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22
Q

multipennate muscle

A

diagonally arranged fibers from multiple tendon

example - deltoid

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23
Q

contractility

A

the ability or properly of a substance, expecially of muscle, of shortening, or becoming reduced in size, or developing increased tension

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24
Q

first class lever

A

fulcrum is between the resistance & applied force
example in body - neck extension
example outside body - see saw

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25
Q

second class level

A

resistance is between the fulcrum and applied force
very efficient lever system
example in body - standing heel raise
example outside body - wheel barrow

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26
Q

third class lever

A

applied force is between the fulcrum & resistance
very inefficient system
example in body - elbow flexion
example outside body - swinging door

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27
Q

cubitus recurvatum

A

elbow extension beyond 0 degrees

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28
Q

carrying angle of elbow

A

about 15 degrees

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29
Q

astrocytes

A

one of the large neuroglia cells of nervous tissue

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30
Q

oligodendroglia

A

one of the four types of glia cells (the other three being macroglia or astrocytes, ependymal cells, and microglia) that, together with nerve cells, compose the tissue of the central nervous system. These cells are characterized by variable numbers of veillike or sheetlike processes that each wrapped around individual axons to form the myelin sheath or nerve fibers in the central nervous system: forms myelin in the central nervous system, & accordingly are more numerous in white matter than in gray matter

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31
Q

coronal plane (frontal or lateral)

A

a vertical plane, extending from side to side, dividing the body into an anterior & a posterior portion

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32
Q

ringworm (tinea corporis)

A

cause by trichophyton rubum

S&S: presents w/ circular, erythematous, pruritic (itchy) plaque, w/ a raised edge, scaling, & central clearing

33
Q

stroke volume

A

amount of blood ejected into the aorta during a single ventricular contraction

34
Q

pediculosis

A

parasite infestation with lice. Sites infected head (pediculus capitis), body (pediculus corporis), and genital area (pediculus pubis)

35
Q

prehypertension

A

systolic pressure 120 to 139 mmHg

diastolic pressure 80 to 90 mmHg

36
Q

stage 1 hypertension

A

systolic 140 to 159 mmHg

diastolic 90 to 99 mmHg

37
Q

stage 2 hypertension

A

systolic > 160 mmHg

diastolic > 100 mmHg

38
Q

graves disease

A
  • hyperthyroidism
  • S&S: tremors, weakness, difficulty swallowing or speaking, fatigue, & facial or eye motor disorders called tics, enlarged thyroid glands, heat intolerance, nerovusness, sweating, weight loss, protrusion of the eyes
39
Q

guillain-Barre Syndrome

A
  • sutoimmune response to viral infection
  • acquired demyelinating polyneuropathy
  • a sudden, disabling symmetric weakness of both legs occurs, progresses to the arms, & is accompanied by loss of the deep tendon reflexes. the abiltiy to speak may be affected
40
Q

myasthenia gravis

A
    • autoimmune disoreder of neuromuscular junction

- S&S: extreme muscle fatigue, double vision, ptosis & respiratory muscles may be affected

41
Q

paget disease

A
  • abnormality of boen remodeling

- S&S: minor aching pains, thickening of bone. leads to neural compression

42
Q

diverticulosis

A

multiple herniations of the mucosa & submucosa of the intestine through the muscular layer of the intestinal wall is a condition

43
Q

charcot-marie-tooth

A
  • neurological disorder
  • S&S: weakness of foot & leg muscles, foot deformities
  • most often in adolescence or early adulthood
44
Q

diverticulitis

A

feces becomes trapped in a herniated section or such a section becomes obstructed, an inflammation of the herniated section

45
Q

flow of blood through the heart (start atrium)

A 
right atrium
tricuspid valve
right ventricle
pulmonary valve
pulmonary trunk
lungs
pulmonary vein
left atrium
mitral valve
left ventricle
aortic valve
aorta
body
inferior/superior venacava
46
Q

right coronary artery divides into

A
  • sinuartrial nodal branch –> supplies the SA node

- right marginal branch –> supplies the right border of the heart as it runs towards the apex of the heart

47
Q

ECG P wave

A

artrial depolarization

48
Q

ECG QRS Segment

A
  • ventricular depolarization

- hides artrial repolarization

49
Q

ECG T wave

A

ventricular repolarization

50
Q

ECG interval from P to R

A

represent the propogation fo depolarization fromt he SA node int he atria through the AV node

51
Q

ECG interval from Q to T

A

represent the ventricular depolarization-repolarization cycle

52
Q

auscultation of the heart

A

1st sound “lub” –> closing of the mitral & tricuspid valves with ventricular systole
- 2nd sound “dud” –> aortic & pulmonary valves closing after ventricular systole

53
Q

premature artrial contractions

A

frequently noted in patients with a history of rheumatic heart disease, these disorders are characterized by extra artrial contractions, which discharge regularly or sporadically before a noraml cardiac cycle

54
Q

premature ventricular contractions

A

ventricular contractions sporadically discharge out of normal sequence

55
Q

ventricular fibrillation

A

evidenced by an extremely rapid & abnormal pattern of ventricular contraction. Since left ventricular output is effectively reduced to almost nothing, death will result unless fibrillation can be reversed

56
Q

microglia

A
  • small in size
  • grow from monocytes
  • act as brian macrophages
  • engulf & destroy pathogens
57
Q

oligodendrocytes (oligodendroglia)

A
  • produce myelin sheath around CNS axons

- provide support to CNS

58
Q

brocca area

A
  • in left hemisphere of the cerbral cortex and is the language area
  • frontal lobe
  • motor aphasia
59
Q

wernicke area

A
  • in left hemisphere of the cerebral cortex & is the language area
  • speech comprehension center
  • foudn in temporal lobe
60
Q

parietal lobe

A
  • primary sensory area
  • somatesthetic sensation –> sensation arising from cutaneous, muscle, tendon, & joint receptors
  • temperature interpretion
  • distance, size, & shape interpretaion
61
Q

frontal lobe

A
  • primary motor control area
  • speech centers (written & motor)
  • conscious control of skeletal muscle
62
Q

temporal lobe

A
  • auditory centers including interpretation & association of auditory information
  • olfactory area
63
Q

occipital lobe

A
  • vision & coordination of eye movements
  • visual receiving & association areas
  • read with understanding
64
Q

lymphoid organs

A

adenoids
spleen
tonsils
thymus gland

65
Q

leukoplakia

A

a white patch of oral mucous membrnae that cannot be wiped off & diagnosed clinically; associated with pipe smoking

66
Q

angioedema

A

recurrent large circumscribed areas of subcutaneous or mucosal edema of sudden onset, usually disappearing within 24 hours

67
Q

kaposi sarcoma

A

multifocal malignant neoplasm of primitive vasoformative tissue, in skin & sometimes in lymph nodes or viscera, consisting of spindle cells & irregular small vascular spaces frequently infiltrated by hemosiderin-pigmented macrophages & extravasated red blood cells

68
Q

memory B cells

A

lymphocytes that mediate immunologic memory

69
Q

cytokines

A

hormonelike proteins, secreted by many cell types, which regulate the intensity & duration of immune responses & are involved in cell-to-cell communication

70
Q

menstral cycle: menstration

A

occurs day 1 to 4 or 5

71
Q

menstral cycle: progesterone levesl peak

A

approximately 1 week after ovulation

72
Q

gastrointestinal tract

A
  • mouth
  • pharynx
  • esophagus
  • stomach
  • small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum)
  • large intestine (cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anal canal)
  • anus
73
Q

categories of hormones

A

catecholamines
polypeptides
glycoproteins
steroids

74
Q

catecholomines

A

epinephrine

norepinephrine

75
Q

snacks for diabetic athletes

A

10 to 30 g carbohydrates for every 45 to 60 minutes of exercise

76
Q

hormone that triggers ovulation

77
Q

the arch ligament of the shoulder

A

coracoacromial ligament

78
Q

contraindications for LASERS

A
  • treatment to the eyes
  • over cancerous areas
  • over hemorrhage areas
79
Q

contraindications for cold application

A 
advanced diabetes
anesthetic skin
cardiac or respiratory involvement
circulatory insufficiency
cold allergy/cold - induced urticaria
cold-induced myocardial ischemia (large areas treated)
lupus
peripheral vascular disease
raynaud's phenomenon
uncovered open wounds

BOC Study Guide (7 decks)

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