Astigmatism and Presbyopia

Question 1

It is the inability of the human eye to focus on objects up close that results with aging.

Answer 1

Presbyopia

Question 2

A theory in presbyopia in which the amount of ciliary muscle contraction needed to produce a unit change in accommodation progressively increases with age.

Answer 2

DDF Theory (Donder’s-Duane-Fincham Theory)

Question 3

It is the earliest stage in presbyopia at which symptoms or clinical findings document the near vision effects of the condition a.k.a. borderline, beginning, early, or pre-presbyopia.

Answer 3

Incipient Presbyopia

Question 4

____________ is the condition of presbyopia in which virtually no accommodative ability remains.

Answer 4

Absolute presbyopia

Question 5

adult patients eventually report visual difficulties when faced with gradually declining accommodative amplitude and near task demands.

Answer 5

Functional Presbyopia

Question 6

Presbyopia is also known as __________.

Answer 6

short arm syndrome

Question 7

A condition in presbyopia in which near vision difficulties result from an apparent decrease in the AA in dim light.

Answer 7

Nocturnal Presbyopia

Question 8

In _________ presbyopia, accommodative ability becomes insufficient for the patient’s usual near vision tasks at an earlier age than expected.

Answer 8

Premature Presbyopia

Question 9

________________ is the maximum increase in optical power that an eye can achieve in adjusting its focus from as far as possible (beyond infinity for a longsighted eye) to the nearest possible.

Answer 9

Amplitude of accommodation

Question 10

It correct one eye for near and one eye for far and eliminates the need for bifocals or reading glasses, but can interfere with depth perception.

Answer 10

Monovision

Question 11

A condition in presbyopia in which can still be overcome by a hard or forced ciliary effort.

Answer 11

Facultative Presbyopia

Question 12

A theory in presbyopia that attributes all of the loss in accommodation to bio-mechanical changes in the lens capsule & lens and none to the ciliary muscle

Answer 12

HHG Theory (Helmholtz-Hess-Gullstrand Theory)

Question 13

A small scale snellen’s chart used for presbyopia where the patient should hold the chart at approximately 40 cm (16 inches). This will determine the px’s near grade.

Answer 13

Near chart VA

Question 14

The first accurate description of astigmatism as such is credited to _______ in 1800.

Answer 14

Thomas Young

Question 15

______________ is a common form of astigmatism that causes the cornea to be oblong shaped with high refractive power in the vertical meridian.

Answer 15

With-the-rule astigmatism

Question 16

A type of astigmatism where the crystalline lens has an unequal curvature on the surface or in its layers.

Answer 16

Lenticular Astigmatism

Question 17

_________ was the first one to produce a distance test charts for Astigmatism.

Answer 17

John Green

Question 18

The sum resultant astigmatism of all factors of the refractive system, due to normal variations in the surfaces of the different media

Answer 18

Total Astigmatism

Question 19

In which the cornea exhibits a variation of curvature throughout different meridians.

Answer 19

Corneal Astigmatism

Question 20

The meridian of greatest curvature lies between the 30th to 60th or the 120th to 150th meridian.

Answer 20

Oblique

Question 21

The total of the degrees representing the two weakest (or two strongest) meridians for both eyes equals 180°

Answer 21

Symmetric

Question 22

Both eyes are with-the-rule or both are against-the-rule

Answer 22

Homonymous

Question 23

One eye is with-the-rule and the other is against-the-rule

Answer 23

Heteronymous

Question 24

With the accommodation completely relaxed, the posterior principal of foci of both meridians would tend to fall beyond the retina

Answer 24

Compound Hyperopic Astigmatism

Question 25

With accommodation relaxed, one meridian tends to focus behind the retina, while the other focuses in front of the retina

Answer 25

Mixed Astigmatism

Question 26

With accommodation relaxed, one meridian would focus on the retina and the other would focus in front of the retina

Answer 26

Simple Myopic Astigmatism

Question 27

With accommodation relaxed, both principal meridians focus in front of the retina

Answer 27

Compound Myopic Astigmatism

Question 28

When the two weakest or the two strongest meridians of both eyes do not total 180° upon addition of their meridional locations

Answer 28

Asymmetric

Question 29

In which two principal meridians exist at right angles to each other, one of the greatest and one of the least curvature.

Answer 29

Regular Astigmatism

Question 30

In which either the two principal axis are not at right angles to each other or the curvature of any one meridian is not uniform.

Answer 30

Irregular Astigmatism