Asthma Flashcards
What is the most frequently used beta-agonist in a rescue inhaler?
•Short-acting beta-2 agonists: Albuterol, levalbuterol.
•Long-acting beta-2 agonists: Formoterol, salmeterol, indacaterol.
•Beta-1 agonists: Dobutamine, norepinephrine (noradrenaline), dopamine (in high doses).
•Beta-1 and beta-2 agonists: Epinephrine (adrenaline), isoproterenol.
How does a beta-agonist work? (Trashy card)
by attaching to (binding) beta-receptors — “activators” in or on your cells that unlock certain functions
engaging the beta-2 adrenergic receptors on smooth muscle of bronchial tissue, relieving bronchospasm and reducing airway resistance
- How does a beta agonist work
Quickly relax bronchial muscles causing bronchospasm.
Examples of SABA (short action beta agonist)
Albuterol administered in the brands ProAir™, Proventil™, and Ventolin™
- How often can a rescue inhaler be used to relieve asthma symptoms?
Twice a week
Superior to inferior structures of the respiratory system
pharynx, Larynx , trachea, bronchi, bronchioles
Boyle’s law states that in a closed space, pressure and volume are ________ related
Inversely
During inhalation, volume in the thoracic cavity __________ which causes a ___________ in pressure
Enlarge, down
(As volume goes up, pressure goes down)
During exhalation, the thoracic cavity _______, which causes a __________, in pressure
Decrease in volume, increase
Describe the role of surfactant in the lungs
-Reduced surface tension
-break down hydrogen bonds in water for expansion of alveoli
-secreted by Type II alveolar cells (t2 pneumocytes)
What lung volume is most affected in a patient with asthma?
Expiratory volume
How often can a rescue inhaler be used help alleviate asthma symptoms?
One or two inhalations can be taken every four to six hours
How does a beta-agonist work?
Relax bronchial smooth muscle, opening the airway allowing more oxygen as you breathe
What is asthma?
Chronic long-term lung disease that inflames and narrows the airways. The airways react strongly to inhaled substances making them swollen and sensitive. Constricting muscle around airways and mucus plug up bronchi
Symptoms of asthma
-wheezing
-coughing
- chest tightness
- SOB
How many in US with asthma?
+25 million
What factors put asthma at risk?
genetic and environmental factors
-parents
-children (6)
-allergies
-eczema
-obesity
What environmental agents trigger an attack?
-dust
-animals
-mold
-pollen
-smoke
-pollution
-chemicals
-aerosols
-medication (aspirin NSAIDS)
-exceecise
How long does an attack last?
A few minutes to a few days
Who mentioned asthma earliest?
Homer in the Iliad
(Asthma is a sharp breath)
Stimuli that cause asthma
Early childhood infection, chemical exposure, insufficient immune system
What does a peak flow meter measure?
Peak flow meter measures How air flows from your lungs in a fast blast
Why use peak flow measurement regularly?
Indications of worsening asthma before the patient detection. Determine severity of episode. When to use inhaler and when to get care.
Steps to using peak flow meter
- Slide marker to bottom of scale
2.stand up straight and breathe in deeply than out fast and hard - note the number
- Repeat 3 times
- Record highest
*tou can breathe out too little - Measure same time each day
- Keep chart
What is “personal best”?
Highest of 3 ratings when normal breathing
What are three zones commonly used to interpret peak flow rates?
traffic light
green zone: 80-100%
yellow zone: 50-80%
red zone: less than 50%
RED ZONE
Less than 50%
SOB
Quick relief doesn’t help or yellow zone for too long
YELLOW ZONE
50-80%
Airways are narrowing. follow action plan
- coughing / wheezing
SOB
Waking at night
GREEN ZONE
Usual activities can be performed
SABA
Short acting beta agonist
ICS
Inhaled corticosteroids
LABA
Long acting beta agonist
Oral corticosteroids
Reduce severe inflammation
SABA def
Relaxes bronchial muscles causing bronchospasm
Flare ups, rescue inhaler, quickly
ISC def
Reduce inflammation in lungs and reduce mucus mucus production
1st med
LABA def
Bronchidialators
(Dialate airways)
Oral corticosteroids
Reduce severe inflammation
Exacerbation
Short term
Physician
Diagnose and treat individuals and address health maintenance
Primary care physician
Family medicine
Definitive care to patient and responsibility for comprehensive care
Preventative care
Respiratory therapy
Educate and treat people with asthma and rehab if long term
Emergency medicine
Diagnosis and treatment of unforeseen injury
Functions of the respiratory system
-Maintain pH
-Smell, sound, excretion of heat and water
-gas exchange
Epitope of antigen (antigenic epitope)
Specific binding site
Tidal volume
Normal, quiet breathing
Inspiratory reserve volume
All you can inhale after tidal volume
Expiratory reserve volume
All air forced out after tidal volume
Residual volume
Air in lungs after exhale
Inspiratory capacity
Tidal volume + Inspiratory volume
(All inhaled)
Functional residual capacity
Sum of Residual volume and Expiratory reserve volume
Vital capacity
Sum of IRV, ERV, and tidal volume
(Inspiratory reserve volume and Expiratory reserve volume)
How do Antibodies fight invaders? (5)
- Neutralization
- Immobilizing bacteria
- Agglutination and precipitation of antigen
- activating complement
- Enhances phagocytosis
Antigen Epitope
Large parts of antigen that trigger immune response
Goblet cell
Secrete mucus
Respiratory zone
Allows for gas exchange
Conducting zone
Bring air to alveoli
(Filter, warm, moist)
Pulmonary ventilation
Inhale (inflow) and exhalation (outflow) of air and exchange between atmosphere
Type I alveolar cells
Site of gas exchange between capillaries
Type II alveolar cells
Secrete surfactant
(Reduces tension)
Exhalation is a
Passive process
Initial antibody, ten binding sites (5)
IgM
(Me first)
Most abundant antibody, protects against virus and bacteria, cross placenta
IgG
(Generally does a lot)
Secretory antibody In body secretions, gland protection
IgA
(All the areas to outside)
IgD
Found on immune cells and acts as antigen receptor
(Deez will find antigen)
IgE
Allergic reactions and hypersensitivity can kill parasitic worms
(IgE rhymes with sneeze)
Immediate (type I) hypersensitivity reactions
Allergen induced asthma when b-cells make antibody IgE instead of IgG binding to mast cells / basophils
Histamine
Causes allergic reaction
Leukotrine
Prolongs histamine response
Mucus stimulation
Symptoms
Bronchiospasm, tachycardia, tachypenia, dyspniea, wheezing, chest tightness
Peak flow meter
Measures max exhale
Small volume nebulizer
Delivers liquid medication to lungs
