Asthma Flashcards by Isabelle Taylor

What is the most frequently used beta-agonist in a rescue inhaler?

•Short-acting beta-2 agonists: Albuterol, levalbuterol.
•Long-acting beta-2 agonists: Formoterol, salmeterol, indacaterol.
•Beta-1 agonists: Dobutamine, norepinephrine (noradrenaline), dopamine (in high doses).
•Beta-1 and beta-2 agonists: Epinephrine (adrenaline), isoproterenol.

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How does a beta-agonist work? (Trashy card)

by attaching to (binding) beta-receptors — “activators” in or on your cells that unlock certain functions

engaging the beta-2 adrenergic receptors on smooth muscle of bronchial tissue, relieving bronchospasm and reducing airway resistance

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How does a beta agonist work

Quickly relax bronchial muscles causing bronchospasm.

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Examples of SABA (short action beta agonist)

Albuterol administered in the brands ProAir™, Proventil™, and Ventolin™

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How often can a rescue inhaler be used to relieve asthma symptoms?

Twice a week

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Superior to inferior structures of the respiratory system

pharynx, Larynx , trachea, bronchi, bronchioles

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Boyle’s law states that in a closed space, pressure and volume are ________ related

Inversely

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During inhalation, volume in the thoracic cavity __________ which causes a ___________ in pressure

Enlarge, down

(As volume goes up, pressure goes down)

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During exhalation, the thoracic cavity _______, which causes a __________, in pressure

Decrease in volume, increase

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Describe the role of surfactant in the lungs

-Reduced surface tension
-break down hydrogen bonds in water for expansion of alveoli
-secreted by Type II alveolar cells (t2 pneumocytes)

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What lung volume is most affected in a patient with asthma?

Expiratory volume

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How often can a rescue inhaler be used help alleviate asthma symptoms?

One or two inhalations can be taken every four to six hours

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How does a beta-agonist work?

Relax bronchial smooth muscle, opening the airway allowing more oxygen as you breathe

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What is asthma?

Chronic long-term lung disease that inflames and narrows the airways. The airways react strongly to inhaled substances making them swollen and sensitive. Constricting muscle around airways and mucus plug up bronchi

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Symptoms of asthma

-wheezing
-coughing
- chest tightness
- SOB

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How many in US with asthma?

+25 million

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What factors put asthma at risk?

genetic and environmental factors
-parents
-children (6)
-allergies
-eczema
-obesity

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What environmental agents trigger an attack?

-dust
-animals
-mold
-pollen
-smoke
-pollution
-chemicals
-aerosols
-medication (aspirin NSAIDS)
-exceecise

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How long does an attack last?

A few minutes to a few days

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Who mentioned asthma earliest?

Homer in the Iliad
(Asthma is a sharp breath)

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Stimuli that cause asthma

Early childhood infection, chemical exposure, insufficient immune system

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What does a peak flow meter measure?

Peak flow meter measures How air flows from your lungs in a fast blast

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Why use peak flow measurement regularly?

Indications of worsening asthma before the patient detection. Determine severity of episode. When to use inhaler and when to get care.

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Steps to using peak flow meter

Slide marker to bottom of scale
2.stand up straight and breathe in deeply than out fast and hard
note the number
Repeat 3 times
Record highest
*tou can breathe out too little
Measure same time each day
Keep chart

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What is “personal best”?

Highest of 3 ratings when normal breathing

What are three zones commonly used to interpret peak flow rates?

*traffic light* **green zone:** 80-100% **yellow zone:** 50-80% **red zone:** less than 50%

*RED ZONE*

Less than 50% SOB Quick relief doesn’t help or yellow zone for too long

*YELLOW ZONE*

50-80% Airways are narrowing. follow action plan - coughing / wheezing SOB Waking at night

*GREEN ZONE*

Usual activities can be performed

SABA

Short acting beta agonist

ICS

Inhaled corticosteroids

LABA

Long acting beta agonist

Oral corticosteroids

Reduce *severe* inflammation

SABA def

Relaxes bronchial muscles causing bronchospasm Flare ups, rescue inhaler, quickly

ISC def

Reduce inflammation in lungs and reduce mucus mucus production 1st med

LABA def

Bronchidialators (Dialate airways)

Oral corticosteroids

Reduce severe inflammation Exacerbation Short term

Physician

Diagnose and treat individuals and address health maintenance

Primary care physician

Family medicine Definitive care to patient and responsibility for comprehensive care Preventative care

Respiratory therapy

Educate and treat people with asthma and rehab if long term

Emergency medicine

Diagnosis and treatment of unforeseen injury

Functions of the respiratory system

-Maintain pH -Smell, sound, excretion of heat and water -gas exchange

Epitope of antigen (antigenic epitope)

Specific binding site

Tidal volume

Normal, quiet breathing

Inspiratory reserve volume

All you can inhale after tidal volume

Expiratory reserve volume

All air forced out after tidal volume

Residual volume

Air in lungs after exhale

Inspiratory capacity

Tidal volume + Inspiratory volume (All inhaled)

Functional residual capacity

Sum of Residual volume and Expiratory reserve volume

Vital capacity

Sum of IRV, ERV, and tidal volume (Inspiratory reserve volume and Expiratory reserve volume)

How do Antibodies fight invaders? (5)

1. Neutralization 2. Immobilizing bacteria 3. Agglutination and precipitation of antigen 4. activating complement 5. Enhances phagocytosis

Antigen Epitope

Large parts of antigen that trigger immune response

Goblet cell

Secrete mucus

Respiratory zone

Allows for gas exchange

Conducting zone

Bring air to alveoli (Filter, warm, moist)

Pulmonary ventilation

Inhale (inflow) and exhalation (outflow) of air and **exchange between atmosphere**

Type I alveolar cells

Site of gas exchange between capillaries

Type II alveolar cells

Secrete surfactant (Reduces tension)

Exhalation is a

Passive process

Initial antibody, ten binding sites (5)

IgM (**M**e first)

Most abundant antibody, protects against virus and bacteria, **cross placenta**

IgG (Generally does a lot)

Secretory antibody In body secretions, gland protection

IgA (All the areas to outside)

IgD

Found on immune cells and acts as antigen receptor (Deez will find antigen)

IgE

**Allergic reactions** and hypersensitivity can kill parasitic worms (IgE rhymes with sneeze)

Immediate (type I) hypersensitivity reactions

Allergen induced asthma when **b-cells** make antibody IgE instead of IgG binding to mast cells / basophils

Histamine

Causes allergic reaction

Leukotrine

Prolongs histamine response Mucus stimulation

Symptoms

Bronchiospasm, tachycardia, tachypenia, dyspniea, wheezing, chest tightness

Peak flow meter

Measures max exhale

Small volume nebulizer

Delivers liquid medication to lungs