Assignments Test 2 Flashcards
In what stage of cancer is the cancer usually localized to the primary organ
Stage 1
A history of obesity or type 2 diabetes is a risk factor for which of the following cancers
All of the above
______ can be generated by translocation in which part of one gene moves to a different chromosomes and recombines with another gene
Fusion proteins
Approximately what percent of clients with newly diagnosed cancers have clinically detectable metastasis
30%
What is the first level of dysplasia ?
Metaplasia
What type of malignant tumor originates from adipose tissue
Liposarcoma
Using TNM staging system what would be the grade If the cancer has no distant metastasis
M0
What gene appears to be the trigger of programmed cell death as a way of regulating uncontrolled cellular proliferation
P53
Which of the following organs is the most likely location of primary metastasis of bone cancer
Lungs
What are the most common of all metastatic tumors
Lung
What is the primary indication of theophylline
Bronchodilation
What is the drug class for albuterol
Bronchodilators
(Andrenergic)
If a patient has a tumor in the pancreas what would it be the most common site of pain referral for this tumor ?
Shoulder,midthoracic,or low back
Cells are most sensitive to radiation therapy in the _____ phase
G2
What is the last step in the mitotic cycle before cell division
G2
Which chemotherapy agent bind to DNA and prevent DNA replication
Alkylating agents
Tamoxifen is an antiestrogen hormonal agent is used in ______ to block estrogen receptors in the tumor cells that require estrogen to thrive
Breast cancer
Monoclonal antibodies may be especially effective in treating certain cancers because these drugs
Bind to antigens on the surface of a particular type of cancer
A relatively new strategy for treating certain tumors is to prevent the formation of new blood vessels, thus imparting tumor growth by starving the tumor of oxygen and nutrients. Drugs that use this strategy are known as
Angiogenesis inhibitors
Most cancer chemotherapy agents exert severe and potentially toxic side effects because
Most of these drugs do not discriminate between healthy tissue and cancerous cell
Some of the newer cancer chemotherapy agents are called biological therapies or biological response modifiers because they
Encourage the body’s immune system to fight cancerous cells
The drug subclass of cytarabine is antimetabolites. What is the mechanism of action of cytarabine?
Inhibit DNA and RNA synthesis
Which of the following healthcare professionals determines the delivery method and dosage of radiation therapy to be provided to a patient ?
Radiation oncologist
Which of the following therapy options is considered as nonpharmacological modality for cancer pain
Relaxation training
Which of the following concepts describe the theory that each round of chemotherapy will affect a certain percentage of cancerous cells and the chemotherapuetic regimen can never completely eliminate the tumor ?
Cell kill hypothesis
Tumor lysis syndrome is a serious complications of chemotherapy that has significant adverse effects on the _________
Kidney
A 37 yr old female has breast cancer. She is receiving FAC chemotherapy: Flouracil, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide. What is the drug class of Fluorouracil?
Antimetabolites
What is the trade name of doxorubicin ?
Adriamycin
What is the drug class of cyclophosphamide ?
Alkylating agents
What are the common adverse affects of cyclophosphamide (cytoxan)?
All of the above
A 68 yr old pt presents with a history of chronic cough weight loss and hemostasis. Chest x ray reveals a mass in the right lung. A biopsy confirms the diagnosis of non small cell lung cancers.
Given the patients diagnosis which of the following imaging studies would be most appropriate to stage the tumor and assess for metastasis
Positron emission tomography
The pt in the previous case received chemotherapy which includes a combination of agents such as doxorubin, bleomycin,vinblastine,and dacarbazine
To help the patient recover from chemotherapy induced Neutropenia, which of the following medications might the physician consider
Granulocyte colony stimulating factor
(G-CSF)
Which of the following is the Secondary prevention of cancer
Pap smear for cervix
Which of the following test are useful for early detection and staging of tumors
CT scan and mri
Tissue biopsy
laboratory values
In the mitotic phase when are cells Most susceptible to chemotherapy
Synthesis and mitosis
Which of the following is used to preoperative true for irradiation therapy
It can be used preoperatively to shrink a tumor making it operable while preventing further spread of the disease
Which class of chemotherapy agents disrupt cellular mitosis by inhibiting microtubules assembly or disassembly
Microtubules targeting agents
Monoclonal antibodies may be especially effective in treating certain cancers because these drugs
Bind to antigens on the surface of a particular type of cancer cells
Most cancer chemotherapy agents exert severe and potentially toxic side effects because
Most of these drugs do not discriminate between healthy tissue and cancerous cells
Which of the following is true for myelosuppression after chemotherapy
Patient may easily get infected due to fewer white blood cells
What are the adverse affects of chemotherapy
Fatigue
Pulmonary toxicity
Renal toxicity
What can be the cause of cancer related fatigue
Emotional distress
When tumors produce signs and symptoms at a site distant from the tumor or its metastatized sites, these remote effects of malignancy are collectively referred to as
Paraneoplastic syndromes
Which of the following are large granular lymphocytes cells that do not express antigen specific receptors ?
Natural killer cells
Which of the following membrane proteins function to present antigens peptides for recognition by t cells
Major histocompatibality complex molecules
What type of immunity used by the body adapts to recognize eliminate and establish long term memory against a threat
Acquired immunity
Which of the following is an example of active artificial acquired immunity
Vaccination
Which of the following cells live the longest
Monocytes
Which immuniglobulin is the predominant immuniglobulin on mucus membrane surfaces and is found in secretions such as saliva breast milk urine and tears
IgA
What type of major histocompatibility molecule combines fragments of proteins that have been phagocytized pinocytised or endocytosed from the extracellular environment
MHC Class II
Which of the following is not involved in the humeral immune response ?
Urine
Which of the following is TRUE for antibodies ?
The fragment antigen biding (Fab fragment ) is the portion of an antibody that binds to antigens
Which of the following is called CD8+T cells
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes
Which phase of the immune response is characterized by the removal of antigens by many different mechanisms
Effector phase
After intense exercise of long duration the concentration of natural killer cells and natural cytolytic activity decline below preexercise values.Maximal reductions in natural killer cell concentrations and lower natural killer cells activity occur _____ hours after exercise
2-4 hrs
When HIV enters the body what cells serve as receptors for the HIV retrovirus allowing direct passage of the infection into other target cells
CD4 and macrophages
At what stage will an individual with HIV disease develop Kaposi sarcoma
Advanced HIV disease
Which of the following is true when describing the factors affecting the immunocompromised person?
Reusable equipment can be one of the common reservoirs
What type of hypersensitivity is characterized by a delayed response to the allergen
Type IV( cell mediated immunity) hypersensitivity
What type of immunology hypersensitivity would cause the symptoms of seasonal allergic rhinitis
Type I (Ig E mediated or immediate type) hypersensitivity
Which of the following is true for systemic lupus erythematosus(SLE)?
Mild symptoms can be mamanged with nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory drugs to relieve muscle and joint pain while reducing tissue inflammation
Which of the following is the avenue for HIV transmission ?
All of the above
CD4 + T cells produce different cytokines that modulate the immune system and help it mount effective responses against foreign invaders. Which of the following is NOT the primary functions of CD4+ T cells ?
Produce antibodies
What is the term for the period of time between when the pathogen enters the host and the appearance of clinical symptoms?
Incubation period
______ are primarily animal pathogens that generally produce disease in humans through the bite of an insect vector
Ricketssia
Which of the following is an example of an airborne disease
Measles
_ ____ are unusual self-replicating bacteria that have no cell wall components and very small genomes.
Mycoplasmas
What size of disease-causing organism would be most likely to be transmitted through the air
4 μm
Which of the following precautions do not require a patient to have a private room
Standard precautions
What vaccine is recommended for all adults with a booster every 10 years
Tetanus and diphtheria
What is the recommendation for work restrictions in an individual who has active measles
Exclude from duty
What is the duration of an uncomplicated case of influenza type A or B
3 to 7 days
Antibacterial drugs work by all of the following mechanisms EXCEPT inhibition of
bacterial intracellular calcium release
Penicillin, cephalosporins, and several other commonly used antibacterial drugs exert their antibacterial effects by inhibiting the function of ______, which results in impaired production of _________ that are essential for normal membrane structure and function.
penicillin-binding proteins; peptidoglycans
Aminoglycosides, erythromycin, the tetracyclines, and several other antibacterial drugs affect the function of the bacterial _______, thereby impairing______ in the bacterial cell
ribosome; messenger RNA translation
Certain antibacterial drugs such as trimethoprim and the sulfonamide drugs (e.g., sulfadiazine, sulfamethoxazole) selectively inhibit the synthesis and function of nucleic acids and certain essential amino acids by impairing the production of ______ in bacterial cells
folic acid
Bacteria can become resistant to antibacterial drugs by
developing enzymes that destroy the drug
modifying or masking the site where the antibacterial drug typically binds on or within the bacterial cell
modifying the bacterial enzymes normally targeted by the drug
developing drug efflux pumps that expel the drug from the bacterial cell
Viral infections are often more difficult to treat than other types of infections because
viruses penetrate into human cells, and cannot be easily killed without harming the human cell
Certain anti-HIV drugs (e.g., zidovudine, didanosine, and zalcitabine) are known as reverse transcriptase inhibitors because they
inhibit transcription of viral RNA to viral DNA
Reverse transcriptase inhibitors such as zidovudine, didanosine, and lamivudine are especially important for physical therapists because they may cause side effects such as
peripheral neuropathy
myopathy
joint pain
Interferons are small proteins that
exert nonspecific antiviral activity
control cell differentiation
limit excessive cell proliferation
modify certain immune processes
Which of the following medications is an antibiotic
Ampicillin
What is the drug class of Doxycycline
Tetracycline antibiotics
