Assignment 8 Review Flashcards
Which of the following occurs when an animal encounters a stressor? Select all that apply.
a) Cortisol is released from the adrenal gland
b) Epinephrine is released from the adrenal gland
c) Acetylcholine is released from postganglionic cells of the sympathetic nervous system
d) Hypothalamo-pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis is activated
e) Norepinephrine is released from postganglionic cells of the sympathetic nervous system
f) Sympathetic nervous system is activated
g) Parasympathetic nervous system is activated
A, B, D, E, F:
a) Cortisol is released from the adrenal gland
b) Epinephrine is released from the adrenal gland
d) Hypothalamo-pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis is activated
e) Norepinephrine is released from postganglionic cells of the sympathetic nervous system
f) Sympathetic nervous system is activated
Which of the following statements is correct?
a ACTH is released into the general circulation where it can cross the blood brain barrier and stimulate the release of CRF from the hypothalamus
b) ACTH is released from the hypothalamus onto the anterior pituitary via a specialized portal system
c) ACTH is released into the general circulation where it can cross the blood brain barrier and inhibit its own release
d) ACTH is released into the general circulation where it can activate the release of CORT from the adrenal gland
d) ACTH is released into the general circulation where it can activate the release of CORT from the adrenal gland
ACTH is:
q) An effector hormone released from the anterior pituitary gland
b) An effector hormone released from the adrenal gland
c) A releasing hormone released from the anterior pituitary gland
d) A neurohormone released from the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN)
e) A releasing hormone released from the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN)
c) A releasing hormone released from the anterior pituitary gland
Activation of which brain area is important for initiating release of the stress hormone, CORT?
a) The ventromedial nucleus of the thalamus
b) The ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus
c) The suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus
d) The paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus
e) The paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus
f) The preoptic area of the hypothalamus
e) The paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus
How is the HPA axis able to shut off after being activated?
a) Glucose stores are depleted after an immediate stressor so the HPA axis shuts off
b) The HPA axis receives input from the parasympathetic nervous system, which tells it to shut off
c) The HPA axis stops activity when the stressor is removed
e) CORT binds to GRs on the hypothalamus and pituitary to shut off the HPA axis
e) CORT binds to GRs on the hypothalamus and pituitary to shut off the HPA axis
Which of the following contributes to one’s ability to better cope with stress? Select all that apply.
a) Predictability of the stressor
b) Engaging in activities or moderate exercise that help displace frustration
c) Learning that a stimulus is no longer associated with a stressor
d) Perceived controllability over the stressor
A, B, C, D:
a) Predictability of the stressor
b) Engaging in activities or moderate exercise that help displace frustration
c) Learning that a stimulus is no longer associated with a stressor
e) Perceived controllability over the stressor
How does CORT exert its effects on its target cell?
a) It can bind to glucocorticoid receptors and cause depolarization of the target cell
b) It can bind to glucocorticoid receptors located on the surface and initiate an intracellular signal cascade
c) It can bind to glucocorticoid receptors located intracellularly and alter gene expression
d) It can bind to glucocorticoid receptors and cause the release of neurotransmitters
c) It can bind to glucocorticoid receptors located intracellularly and alter gene expression
What controls whether the autonomic nervous system is activated or not? Select all that apply.
a) The hypothalamus
b) The pituitary gland
c) The target organs
a) The hypothalamus
Activation of the sympathetic nervous system requires: (Select all that apply)
a) Release of acetylcholine (ACh) from preganglionic cells
b) Release of acetylcholine (ACh) from postganglionic cells
c) Release of norepinephrine (NE) from postganglionic cells
d) Release of norepinephrine (NE) from preganglionic cells
a) Release of acetylcholine (ACh) from preganglionic cells
c) Release of norepinephrine (NE) from postganglionic cells
Acute stress results in: (Select all that apply.)
a) Inhibition of reproductive function
b) Increased glucose release
c) Decreased pain sensation
d) Increased heart rate
e) Pupils dilate
f) Inhibition of growth
g) Inhibition of digestion
h) Enhanced cognition
a) Inhibition of reproductive function
b) Increased glucose release
c) Decreased pain sensation
d) Increased heart rate
e) Pupils dilate
f) Inhibition of growth
g) Inhibition of digestion
h) Enhanced cognition
Why does chronic stress affect many physiological systems, including the brain?
a) Because the autonomic nervous system has so many target organs
b) Because receptors for epinephrine are located nearly everywhere throughout the brain and the body
c) Because glucocorticoid receptors are located nearly everywhere throughout the brain and the body
d) Because nearly every cell of the body produces epinephrine
e) Because nearly every cell of the body produces glucocorticoids (CORT)
c) Because glucocorticoid receptors are located nearly everywhere throughout the brain and the bod
Predict what would happen to the HPA axis if you were to remove the adrenal gland. Select all that apply.
a) Glucocorticoid (CORT) release would be unaffected
b) Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) release would increase
c) Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) release would increase
d) Glucocorticoid (CORT) release would increase
e) Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) release would decrease
f) Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) release would decrease
g) Glucocorticoid (CORT) release would decrease
h) Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) release would be unaffected
i) Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) release would be unaffected
b) Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) release would increase
c) Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) release would increase
g) Glucocorticoid (CORT) release would decrease
