Assignment 8, 9, 10 (Equine) Flashcards
How is the scapula attached to the trunk?
synsarcosis
How does the scapula move?
- rotation
2. translation of entire bone - contributes to stride length
What percentage of step/stride length does the movement of the scapula contribute to?
> 65%
Describe the thoracic vertebrae of the horse.
Really tall spinous processes (cranially)
Lateral vertebral foramina
Which dorsal spinous process would be most like to fracture if the horse rears and falls on its back?
T4-10, T4-5 are most common
T1-T3 are hidden
What is the diaphragmatic line of pleural reflection?
where the parietal pleura reflects from the internal surface of the thoracic wall onto the cranial surface of the diaphragm (where the costal pleura becomes continuous with the diaphragmatic pleura)
Where is the diaphrahmatic line of pleural reflection?
Extends along the 8th and 9th costal cartilages and crosses the costochondral junction of the 9th rib. Crosses dorsocaudally and ends at the 17th rib
What are the landmarks for the basal border of the lung in the horse?
Curves from the costochondral junction of the 6th rib, through the 11th rib, to the 16th rib
6 –> 11 –> 16
What are the borders of the auscultation triangle?
cranial: caudal border of triceps
dorsal: lateral edge of epaxials
caudoventral: just cranial to the basal border of the lung
What is the costodiaphragmatic recess?
The potential space located just beyonf the basal border of the lungs where the costal and diaphragmatic pleurae are in contact.
Where is the cupula of the diaphragm?
Ventral to middle of 6th rib
What intercostal space is the olecranon found?
5th
What is a heave line?
Visible line which develops at muscle / aponeurotic junction of external abdominal oblique m. as a result of hypertrophy due to increased respiratory effort with recurrent airway obstruction (RAO)
How does the orientation of the heart in the horse differ from the dog?
It is more vertical
Where is the heart located?
intercostal spaces 2-6; mostly covered by thoracic limb
IC space for pulmonary valve
low in the left 3rd IC space
IC space for aortic valve
high in left 4th IC space
IC space for left AV valve
Low in left 5th IC space
IC space for right AV valve
low in right 4th IC space
IC space for left cardiac notch
3rd-6th IC spaces
IC space for right cardiac notch
3rd-4th IC spaces
What is the cardiac notch?
Area where pericardial mediastinal pleura is in direct contact with costal pleura
What lobes of the lung are separated by the cardiac notch in the horse?
cranial and caudal lobes on both sides
Which lung has an accessory lobe?
right lung
What are the pulmonary ligaments and where are they located?
They are located on the axial surface of the lung- they are a double layer of pleura that connects the lung to the mediastinal pleura
What makes up the pleura of the thorax?
parietal pleura
visceral pleura AKA pulmonary pleura
connecting pleura (pulmonary ligaments, plica vena cava)
cuplulae pleurae (the cranial most apices of the pleural sacs)
What layers make up the pericardium?
fibrous pericardium
parietal pericardium
visceral pericardium
What pleurae of the thorax make up the parietal pleura?
costal pleura
diaphragmatic pleura
mediastinal pleura
What is the mediastinum?
Midline partition between 2 pleural cavities
Why is the equine mediastinum weak and often fenestrated?
Subpleural CT is poorly developed
What structures are in the mediastinum?
esophagus
trachea
longus colli m.
lymphatic structures and nerves
Where are the intercostal lnn?
In the dorsal part of some intercostal spaces
What lymphatic structures are found in the thorax?
thymus intercostal lnn cranial, middle, and caudal mediastinal lnn tracheobronchial lnn thoracic duct
What SNS structures are present in the thorax?
sympathetic trunk
cervicothoracic ganglion
ansa subclavia
middle cervical ganglion
What PSNS structures are present in the thorax?
vagus nerve
What makes up the vagosympthetic trunk?
vagus nerve + cervical sympathetic trunk
What makes up the clinical pericardial sac?
pericardial mediastinal pleura
fibrous pericardium
parietal serous pericardium
Explain the branching of the brachiocephalic trunk in the horse.
Left subclavian branches off first, then the right, resulting in a bicarotid trunk. The bicarotid trunk divides into the right and left carotid arteries.
Explain the branching of the brachiocephalic trunk in the dog.
The left subclavian does NOT branch off the brachiocephalic trunk in the dog.
The left CAROTID branches first, then the right carotid, leaving the right subclavian artery last.
Where does the paraconal interventricular br. arise from in the horse and the dog?
Paraconal interventricular branch arises from the left coronary a. in both the dog and the horse
Where does the subsinuosal interventricular br. arise from in the horse and the dog?
Subsinuosal interventricular br. arises from right coronary artery in the horse.
It arises from the left coronary artery in the dog.
What are the regions of the diaphragm?
costal, sternal, and lumbar
What travels through the aortic hiatus?
aorta, thoracic duct, right azygos vein
What travels through the esophasgeal hiatus?
esophagus, dorsal and ventral vagal trunks, esophageal vessels
What is the name of the hole through the diaphragm in which the caudal vena cava travels?
Caval foramen
