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GA II KSU > Assignment 8, 9, 10 (Equine) > Flashcards

Assignment 8, 9, 10 (Equine) Flashcards

1
Q

How is the scapula attached to the trunk?

A

synsarcosis

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2
Q

How does the scapula move?

A
  1. rotation

2. translation of entire bone - contributes to stride length

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3
Q

What percentage of step/stride length does the movement of the scapula contribute to?

A

> 65%

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4
Q

Describe the thoracic vertebrae of the horse.

A

Really tall spinous processes (cranially)

Lateral vertebral foramina

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5
Q

Which dorsal spinous process would be most like to fracture if the horse rears and falls on its back?

A

T4-10, T4-5 are most common

T1-T3 are hidden

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6
Q

What is the diaphragmatic line of pleural reflection?

A

where the parietal pleura reflects from the internal surface of the thoracic wall onto the cranial surface of the diaphragm (where the costal pleura becomes continuous with the diaphragmatic pleura)

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7
Q

Where is the diaphrahmatic line of pleural reflection?

A

Extends along the 8th and 9th costal cartilages and crosses the costochondral junction of the 9th rib. Crosses dorsocaudally and ends at the 17th rib

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8
Q

What are the landmarks for the basal border of the lung in the horse?

A

Curves from the costochondral junction of the 6th rib, through the 11th rib, to the 16th rib

6 –> 11 –> 16

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9
Q

What are the borders of the auscultation triangle?

A

cranial: caudal border of triceps
dorsal: lateral edge of epaxials
caudoventral: just cranial to the basal border of the lung

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10
Q

What is the costodiaphragmatic recess?

A

The potential space located just beyonf the basal border of the lungs where the costal and diaphragmatic pleurae are in contact.

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11
Q

Where is the cupula of the diaphragm?

A

Ventral to middle of 6th rib

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12
Q

What intercostal space is the olecranon found?

A

5th

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13
Q

What is a heave line?

A

Visible line which develops at muscle / aponeurotic junction of external abdominal oblique m. as a result of hypertrophy due to increased respiratory effort with recurrent airway obstruction (RAO)

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14
Q

How does the orientation of the heart in the horse differ from the dog?

A

It is more vertical

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15
Q

Where is the heart located?

A

intercostal spaces 2-6; mostly covered by thoracic limb

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16
Q

IC space for pulmonary valve

A

low in the left 3rd IC space

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17
Q

IC space for aortic valve

A

high in left 4th IC space

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18
Q

IC space for left AV valve

A

Low in left 5th IC space

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19
Q

IC space for right AV valve

A

low in right 4th IC space

20
Q

IC space for left cardiac notch

A

3rd-6th IC spaces

21
Q

IC space for right cardiac notch

A

3rd-4th IC spaces

22
Q

What is the cardiac notch?

A

Area where pericardial mediastinal pleura is in direct contact with costal pleura

23
Q

What lobes of the lung are separated by the cardiac notch in the horse?

A

cranial and caudal lobes on both sides

24
Q

Which lung has an accessory lobe?

A

right lung

25
Q

What are the pulmonary ligaments and where are they located?

A

They are located on the axial surface of the lung- they are a double layer of pleura that connects the lung to the mediastinal pleura

26
Q

What makes up the pleura of the thorax?

A

parietal pleura

visceral pleura AKA pulmonary pleura

connecting pleura (pulmonary ligaments, plica vena cava)

cuplulae pleurae (the cranial most apices of the pleural sacs)

27
Q

What layers make up the pericardium?

A

fibrous pericardium

parietal pericardium

visceral pericardium

28
Q

What pleurae of the thorax make up the parietal pleura?

A

costal pleura

diaphragmatic pleura

mediastinal pleura

29
Q

What is the mediastinum?

A

Midline partition between 2 pleural cavities

30
Q

Why is the equine mediastinum weak and often fenestrated?

A

Subpleural CT is poorly developed

31
Q

What structures are in the mediastinum?

A

esophagus
trachea
longus colli m.
lymphatic structures and nerves

32
Q

Where are the intercostal lnn?

A

In the dorsal part of some intercostal spaces

33
Q

What lymphatic structures are found in the thorax?

A 
thymus
intercostal lnn
cranial, middle, and caudal mediastinal lnn
tracheobronchial lnn
thoracic duct
34
Q

What SNS structures are present in the thorax?

A

sympathetic trunk
cervicothoracic ganglion
ansa subclavia
middle cervical ganglion

35
Q

What PSNS structures are present in the thorax?

A

vagus nerve

36
Q

What makes up the vagosympthetic trunk?

A

vagus nerve + cervical sympathetic trunk

37
Q

What makes up the clinical pericardial sac?

A

pericardial mediastinal pleura

fibrous pericardium

parietal serous pericardium

38
Q

Explain the branching of the brachiocephalic trunk in the horse.

A

Left subclavian branches off first, then the right, resulting in a bicarotid trunk. The bicarotid trunk divides into the right and left carotid arteries.

39
Q

Explain the branching of the brachiocephalic trunk in the dog.

A

The left subclavian does NOT branch off the brachiocephalic trunk in the dog.

The left CAROTID branches first, then the right carotid, leaving the right subclavian artery last.

40
Q

Where does the paraconal interventricular br. arise from in the horse and the dog?

A

Paraconal interventricular branch arises from the left coronary a. in both the dog and the horse

41
Q

Where does the subsinuosal interventricular br. arise from in the horse and the dog?

A

Subsinuosal interventricular br. arises from right coronary artery in the horse.

It arises from the left coronary artery in the dog.

42
Q

What are the regions of the diaphragm?

A

costal, sternal, and lumbar

43
Q

What travels through the aortic hiatus?

A

aorta, thoracic duct, right azygos vein

44
Q

What travels through the esophasgeal hiatus?

A

esophagus, dorsal and ventral vagal trunks, esophageal vessels

45
Q

What is the name of the hole through the diaphragm in which the caudal vena cava travels?

A

Caval foramen

GA II KSU (11 decks)

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