Assignment 11 (Equine) Flashcards
How does the scapula of the horse differ from the dog?
Horses have no acromion and they do have a tuberosity of the scapular spine.
How does the humerus of the horse differ from the dog?
NO supratrochlear or supracondylar foramen on the horse.
The horse has a intermediate tubercle and bicipital grooves
The shoulder joint- what are the structural and functional categories?
spheroidal joint in structure
hinge joint in function
What are the primary movements of the shoulder?
flexion and extension
There are no collateral ligaments of the shoulder in the dog or horse. True or false?
True
What muscles acts as a medial and lateral collateral ligaments in the horse?
lateral - infraspinatus m. (and supraspinatus m. to a lesser extent)
medial- subscapularis
What ligaments would you find on the shoulder? What are the origins and insertions?
Medial and lateral glenohumeral ligaments. They are poorly developed. They arise on the supraglenoid tubercle and end on the greater and lesser tubercles.
What is arthrocentesis?
The clinical procedure of using a syringe to collect synovial fluid from a joint capsule. It is also known as joint aspiration.
What are the applications of arthrocentesis?
intraarticular anesthesia
administer medication
collect synovial fluid
administer a radiographic contract medium
What muscles extend the shoulder?
supraspinatus
biceps
brachiocephalicus
What muscles flex the shoulder?
infraspinatus deltoideus teres minor subscapularis teres major coracobrachialis triceps - long head
O, I, A of infraspinatus
O: infraspinatous fossa
I: greater tubercle
A: acts as lateral collateral ligament of the shoulder joint
Where is the infraspinatus bursa?
Inbetween the tendon and the greater tubercle
O, I, A of subscapularis
O: subscapular fossa
I: lesser tubercle
A: acts as medial collateral ligament of the shoulder joint
Where is the bursa of subscapularis?
between the tendon and the lesser tubercle
O & I teres major
O: caudal angle of the scapula
I: teres major tuberosity (with the latissimus dorsi)
Where is the bursa for teres major?
There is none.
What nerves are associated with teres major? Descrbe their location to teres major.
Axillary nerve runs proximal to teres major m.
Radial nerve runs distal to teres major.
What is the main arterial supply of the forelimb and how does the name of the artery change as you move distally?
axillary a. –> brachial a. –> median a. –> medial palmar a.
At what point does the axillary artery’s name change and what does it change to?
Bifurcates to cranial circumflex humeral a. and continues as the brachial a.
At what point does the brachial artery’s name change and what does it change to?
Bifurcates into median and common interosseous arteries. Continues as median.
At what point does the median artery’s name change and what does it change to?
Bifurcates to lateral palmar a. and continues as medial palmar a.
The axillary artery is a branch of the ________ artery.
Subclavian
What veins of the forelimb are absent in the horse?
Axillobrachial and omobrachial veins
The deep venous system of the forelimb is formed by the tributaries of which vein?
axillary
Where does the accessory cephalic vein join the cephalic vein?
At the elbow
What vein acts as the connection between the cephalic and brachial veins?
median cubital vein
What nerve branches form the brachial plexus?
Ventral branches of spinal nerves C6, C7, C8, T1, and T2
What do the nerves of the brachial plexus innervate?
Extrinsic and intrinsic muscles, skin of the thoracic limb, and lateral wall of the thorax
What innervates serratus ventralis?
long thoracic n.
What innervates latissimus dorsi?
thoracodorsal n.
What innervates cutaneous trunci?
lateral thoracic n.
What innervates the superficial pectorals and the subclavius muscle?
cranial pectoral n.
What innervates the deep pectorals?
caudal pectoral n.
What is the terminal lymph nose of the forelimb of the horse?
There is no single terminal lymph node.
What drains to the superficial cervical lymph nodes?
Lymph from the …
Superficial and proximal part of the forelimb - muscles and joints.
Caudal portion of the head (TMJ).
All bones of the thoracic limb except the ulna.
What bone of the thoracic limb does NOT drain into the superficial cervical ln?
ulna
Where does the lymph that does not drain into the superficial cervical lymph node drain?
axillary lymph center
What are the two parts of the greater tubercle?
cranial and caudal
What are the two parts of the lesser tubercle?
cranial and caudal
What animal has a supracondyler foramen?
the cat
What is special about the scapula of the horse?
It has a tuberosity of the scapular spine and no acromion
What is sweeny? What nerve is it associated with?
Suprascapular paralysis
Suprascapular nerve
Where is the injection site of the shoulder?
Cranial margin of the infraspinatus tendon at the level of the notch between the cranial and caiudal parts of the greater tubercle.
What vein acts as the connection between the superficial and deep venous systems of the forelimb?
Median cubital vein
What veins are absent in the forelimb of the horse?
Axillobrachial and omobrachial
What veins make up the superficial venous system of the forelimb?
Cephalic and accessory cephalic
What are the branches of the axillary artery?
external thoracic artery
subscapular artery
cranial circumflex humeral artery
What are the branches of the brachial artery?
deep brachial a.
bicipital a.
collateral ulnar a.
transverse cubital a.
What lymph nodes make up the axillary lymph center?
axillary ln
cubital ln
Location, afferent lymph vessel and efferent lymph vessels of the axillary ln
location: caudal to shoulder joint where axillary artery bifurcates
afferent: arrive from MUSCLES of shoulder, arm, elbow, and cubital ln. and skin on lateral side of the shoulder and the arm
efferent: drain into the caudal deep cervicalln.
Location, afferent lymph vessel and efferent lymph vessels of the cubital ln.
location: medial and proximal to elbow between biceps and medial head of the triceps
afferent: skin, muscles, joints, and bones distal to its location
efferent: terminate in the axillary ln
What muscle(s) the suprascapular nerve innervate?
supraspinatus and infraspinatus mm
What muscle(s) does the subscapular nerve innervate?
subscapular m
What muscle(s) does the axillary nerve innervate?
teres major and deltoideus mm
What muscle(s) does the musculocutaneous nerve innervate?
flexor muscles of the elbow joint
What nerve creates the ansa axillaris?
musculocutaneous n
What muscle(s) does the radial nerve innervate?
extensor muscles of the elbow, carpal and digital joints
What would be the results of a radial nerve injury proximal to the tricipital branch? What symptoms would we see?
paralysis of the extensors of the elbow
non-weightbearing lameness
dropped elbow, and the hoof is rested on its dorsal aspect
What would be the results of a radial nerve injury distal to the tricipital branch? What symptoms would we see?
less severe than more proximal injury
normal stance of the shoulder and elbow
may rest the dorsal surface of the hoof on the ground
What osseous structure is mission on the horse scapula, but is found on the dog?
acromion
What joint does not have collateral ligaments?
shoulder joint
What structures are palpable landmarks for shoulder joint injection?
cranial and caudal parts of the greater tubercle
What muscle tendon acts as the medial collateral ligament of the shoulder joint?
subscapularis m.
After the brachial artery gives off the ____ artery, it becomes the median artery.
transverse cubital a.
The transverse cubital artery is a direct branch of the _____ artery.
brachial a.
The _____ vein joins the cephalic vein at the elbow.
accessory v.
Name of veins of the superficial venous system.
accessory cephalic and cephalic veins
The ventral branches of which spinal nerves from the brachial plexus in the horse?
C6-8, T1-2
The supraspinatus and the infraspinatus muscles are innervated by the ____ nerve.
suprascapular n
What two nerves are connected by ansa axillaris in the horse forelimb?
musculocutaneous n. and median n.
The musculocutaneous nerve innervates which muscle group?
biceps brachii, coracobrachialis, and brachialis m.
Name the lymph nodes of the axillary lymph center.
proper axillary ln
cubital ln
