assignment 3 - vertebral column Flashcards
what are the vertebrae that make up the spinal column
7 cervical
13 thoracic
7 lumbar
3 sacral
ventral base of the vertebrae
body
At the junction of the arch and the body
projects laterally from the vertebral arch on each side of the vertebra
transverse process
a thin bone that essentially forms an arch dorsal to the body
vertebral arch
The space formed between the arch and body
vertebral foramen
The vertebral arch can be further delineated as being formed by 2 ventral ______ & 2 dorsal ______
pedicles
laminae
protrudes from the dorsal most aspect of the vertebral arch and or laminae, where the right and left lamina meet
spinous process
In the cranial aspect of the arch at the junction of the pedicles and laminae, a lateral projection emerges and is referred to as
cranial articular process
In the caudal aspect of the arch at the junction of the pedicles and laminae, a lateral projection emerges and is referred to as
caudal articular process
notches found at the cranial and caudal most aspect where the pedicle unites with the body
cranial & caudal vertebral notches (2 of each)
the vertebrae are lined up in a cranial to caudal orientation
caudal aspect of the cranial vertebra articulates with the cranial aspect of the caudal vertebra
All of the vertebral foramen line up to form this
vertebral canal
between the caudal articular processes of the cranial vertebra with the cranial articular processes of the caudal vertebra
synovial articulation
articulation between vertebral bodies
intervertebral disc
- a fibrocartilaginous articulation
what 2 parts is the intervertebral disc composed of?
anulus fibrosus & nucleus pulposus
a group of concentric fibrous rings forming the external aspect of the intervertebral disc and is thicker ventrally than dorsally
anulus fibrosus
a semi-fluid structure found in the center of the intervertebral disc
nucleus pulposus
The nucleus pulposus is under pressure and “escapes if afforded the opportunity”, usually dorsally towards the vertebral foramen which contains the spinal cord. This pressure on the spinal cord can result in
intervertebral disc disease
When the vertebrae are lined up in a cranial to caudal orientation, the caudal vertebral notch of the cranial vertebra lines up with the cranial vertebral notch of the caudal vertebra to form the
intervertebral foramen
The intervertebral foramen is the opening through which the __________ ______ ______ pass to and from the spinal cord and gain access to peripheral structures
peripheral spinal nerves
the most cranial vertebrae of the vertebral column and are characterized by prominent transverse processes and by significant modifications to the 2 most cranial vertebrae
cervical vertebrae
The first cervical vertebra, C1, is also referred to by its common name. What is its common name?
atlas
what makes the atlas different from other cervical vertebrae?
modified articular processes
no spinous process
significantly reduced body
modified, large transverse processes
what are important features of the atlas?
- wing
- body
- cranial articular fovea
- vertebral foramen
- transverse foramen
- lateral vertebral foramen
- caudal articular fovea
describe the cranial fovea in the atlas
concave foveas (fovea = small depression) lateral to the body that articulate with the occipital condyles of the skull
what passes through the vertebral foramen?
vertebral artery, vertebral vein, & vertebral nerve
what exits the lateral vertebral foramina?
first cervical peripheral spinal nerve
The second cervical vertebra, C2, is also referred to by its common name. What is its common name?
axis
what are the features of the axis?
- transverse body
- body
- cranial articular process
- vertebral foramen
- transverse foramen
- dens
- caudal articular process
- spinous process
what passes through the transverse foramen in the axis?
vertebral artery, vertebral vein, vertebral nerve
a cranial prominence which is a modification of the body
dens
what are the exceptions for the vertebrae C4-C7?
C6 has an enlarged transverse process
C7 lacks a transverse foramen
features of C4-C7 vertebrae
- transverse process*
- body
- cranial articular process
- vertebral foramen
- transverse foramen*
- caudal articular process
- spinous process
- pedicle
- laminae
caudal to the thoracic vertebrae & are characterized by a forward slope of the spinous processes, transverse processes that project craniolaterally, and prominent articular processes
lumbar vertebrae
begins on the mid-thoracic vertebrae, becomes prominent and obvious in the lumbar vertebrae
accessory process
caudal to the lumbar vertebrae and cranial to the caudal vertebrae
it’s formed by the fusion of three vertebrae
lies between and articulates with the ilia
sacrum
formed by the fusion of three spinous processes in the sacrum
median crest
articulates with the hip bone in the sacrum
auricular surface
the ventral aspect of the cranial body surface in the sacrum this forms the dorsal aspect of the pelvic inlet
promontory
The cranial extremity of the rib contains a rounded what?
head of the rib
The dorsal extremity of the rib contains a prominent what?
tubercle
The head and the tubercle are connected by the ____ in the ribs
neck
how many pairs of ribs are in the dog?
13
The caudodorsal aspect of the body of C7 and T1 through T9 contains a concave area termed
caudal costal fovea
The craniodorsal aspect of the body of T1 through T10 contains a concave area termed
cranial costal fovea
The caudal costal fovea of the more cranial vertebra (i.e. T4) and the cranial costal fovea of the more caudal vertebra (i.e. T5) form a complete…
costal fovea
What does the costal fovea articulate with?
the head of the rib
what part of the rib articulates with the transverse process?
tubercle
All ribs have a dorsal bony part and a ventral cartilaginous part called
costal cartilage
The junction of the bony and cartilaginous part of the rib is referred to as
costochondral junction
made up of 8 bony sternebrae joined by intersternebral cartilages
sternum
The most cranial sternebra is called the
manubrium
The caudal-most sternebra is called the
xyphoid process
The costal cartilages of ribs 10 - 12 unite with one another to form the
costal arch
what are the palpable landmarks of the spinal column, ribs, & sternum?
- wing of atlas
- transverse processes of cervical vertebrae
- manubrium
- xyphoid process
- ribs 3-13 (ribs 1 & 2 are usually under the triceps)
- spinous processes of thoracic vertebrae
- spinous processes of lumbar vertebrae
