assignment 3 - vertebral column

Question 1

what are the vertebrae that make up the spinal column

Answer 1

7 cervical
13 thoracic
7 lumbar
3 sacral

Question 2

ventral base of the vertebrae

Answer 2

body

Question 3

At the junction of the arch and the body
projects laterally from the vertebral arch on each side of the vertebra

Answer 3

transverse process

Question 3

a thin bone that essentially forms an arch dorsal to the body

Answer 3

vertebral arch

Question 3

The space formed between the arch and body

Answer 3

vertebral foramen

Question 3

The vertebral arch can be further delineated as being formed by 2 ventral ______ & 2 dorsal ______

Answer 3

pedicles
laminae

Question 4

protrudes from the dorsal most aspect of the vertebral arch and or laminae, where the right and left lamina meet

Answer 4

spinous process

Question 5

In the cranial aspect of the arch at the junction of the pedicles and laminae, a lateral projection emerges and is referred to as

Answer 5

cranial articular process

Question 6

In the caudal aspect of the arch at the junction of the pedicles and laminae, a lateral projection emerges and is referred to as

Answer 6

caudal articular process

Question 7

notches found at the cranial and caudal most aspect where the pedicle unites with the body

Answer 7

cranial & caudal vertebral notches (2 of each)

Question 8

the vertebrae are lined up in a cranial to caudal orientation
caudal aspect of the cranial vertebra articulates with the cranial aspect of the caudal vertebra
All of the vertebral foramen line up to form this

Answer 8

vertebral canal

Question 9

between the caudal articular processes of the cranial vertebra with the cranial articular processes of the caudal vertebra

Answer 9

synovial articulation

Question 10

articulation between vertebral bodies

Answer 10

intervertebral disc
- a fibrocartilaginous articulation

Question 11

what 2 parts is the intervertebral disc composed of?

Answer 11

anulus fibrosus & nucleus pulposus

Question 12

a group of concentric fibrous rings forming the external aspect of the intervertebral disc and is thicker ventrally than dorsally

Answer 12

anulus fibrosus

Question 13

a semi-fluid structure found in the center of the intervertebral disc

Answer 13

nucleus pulposus

Question 14

The nucleus pulposus is under pressure and “escapes if afforded the opportunity”, usually dorsally towards the vertebral foramen which contains the spinal cord. This pressure on the spinal cord can result in

Answer 14

intervertebral disc disease

Question 15

When the vertebrae are lined up in a cranial to caudal orientation, the caudal vertebral notch of the cranial vertebra lines up with the cranial vertebral notch of the caudal vertebra to form the

Answer 15

intervertebral foramen

Question 16

The intervertebral foramen is the opening through which the __________ ______ ______ pass to and from the spinal cord and gain access to peripheral structures

Answer 16

peripheral spinal nerves

Question 17

the most cranial vertebrae of the vertebral column and are characterized by prominent transverse processes and by significant modifications to the 2 most cranial vertebrae

Answer 17

cervical vertebrae

Question 18

The first cervical vertebra, C1, is also referred to by its common name. What is its common name?

Answer 18

atlas

Question 19

what makes the atlas different from other cervical vertebrae?

Answer 19

modified articular processes
no spinous process
significantly reduced body
modified, large transverse processes

Question 20

what are important features of the atlas?

Answer 20

• wing
• body
• cranial articular fovea
• vertebral foramen
• transverse foramen
• lateral vertebral foramen
• caudal articular fovea

Question 21

describe the cranial fovea in the atlas

Answer 21

concave foveas (fovea = small depression) lateral to the body that articulate with the occipital condyles of the skull

Question 22

what passes through the vertebral foramen?

Answer 22

vertebral artery, vertebral vein, & vertebral nerve

Question 23

what exits the lateral vertebral foramina?

Answer 23

first cervical peripheral spinal nerve

Question 24

The second cervical vertebra, C2, is also referred to by its common name. What is its common name?

Answer 24

axis

Question 25

what are the features of the axis?

Answer 25

- transverse body - body - cranial articular process - vertebral foramen - transverse foramen - dens - caudal articular process - spinous process

Question 26

what passes through the transverse foramen in the axis?

Answer 26

vertebral artery, vertebral vein, vertebral nerve

Question 27

a cranial prominence which is a modification of the body

Answer 27

dens

Question 28

what are the exceptions for the vertebrae C4-C7?

Answer 28

C6 has an enlarged transverse process C7 lacks a transverse foramen

Question 29

features of C4-C7 vertebrae

Answer 29

- transverse process* - body - cranial articular process - vertebral foramen - transverse foramen* - caudal articular process - spinous process - pedicle - laminae

Question 30

caudal to the thoracic vertebrae & are characterized by a forward slope of the spinous processes, transverse processes that project craniolaterally, and prominent articular processes

Answer 30

lumbar vertebrae

Question 31

begins on the mid-thoracic vertebrae, becomes prominent and obvious in the lumbar vertebrae

Answer 31

accessory process

Question 32

caudal to the lumbar vertebrae and cranial to the caudal vertebrae it's formed by the fusion of three vertebrae lies between and articulates with the ilia

Answer 32

sacrum

Question 33

formed by the fusion of three spinous processes in the sacrum

Answer 33

median crest

Question 34

articulates with the hip bone in the sacrum

Answer 34

auricular surface

Question 35

the ventral aspect of the cranial body surface in the sacrum this forms the dorsal aspect of the pelvic inlet

Answer 35

promontory

Question 36

The cranial extremity of the rib contains a rounded what?

Answer 36

head of the rib

Question 37

The dorsal extremity of the rib contains a prominent what?

Answer 37

tubercle

Question 38

The head and the tubercle are connected by the ____ in the ribs

Answer 38

neck

Question 39

how many pairs of ribs are in the dog?

Answer 39

13

Question 40

The caudodorsal aspect of the body of C7 and T1 through T9 contains a concave area termed

Answer 40

caudal costal fovea

Question 41

The craniodorsal aspect of the body of T1 through T10 contains a concave area termed

Answer 41

cranial costal fovea

Question 42

The caudal costal fovea of the more cranial vertebra (i.e. T4) and the cranial costal fovea of the more caudal vertebra (i.e. T5) form a complete...

Answer 42

costal fovea

Question 43

What does the costal fovea articulate with?

Answer 43

the head of the rib

Question 44

what part of the rib articulates with the transverse process?

Answer 44

tubercle

Question 45

All ribs have a dorsal bony part and a ventral cartilaginous part called

Answer 45

costal cartilage

Question 46

The junction of the bony and cartilaginous part of the rib is referred to as

Answer 46

costochondral junction

Question 47

made up of 8 bony sternebrae joined by intersternebral cartilages

Answer 47

sternum

Question 48

The most cranial sternebra is called the

Answer 48

manubrium

Question 49

The caudal-most sternebra is called the

Answer 49

xyphoid process

Question 50

The costal cartilages of ribs 10 - 12 unite with one another to form the

Answer 50

costal arch

Question 51

what are the palpable landmarks of the spinal column, ribs, & sternum?

Answer 51

- wing of atlas - transverse processes of cervical vertebrae - manubrium - xyphoid process - ribs 3-13 (ribs 1 & 2 are usually under the triceps) - spinous processes of thoracic vertebrae - spinous processes of lumbar vertebrae