assignment 2 Flashcards
arthropology
study of joints and ligaments
joint
an articulation formed when two or more bones come in contact
what are the 3 types of joints?
fibrous
cartilaginous
synovial
describe fibrous joints
Have minimal movement, and their main purpose is to hold bones together
An example of a FIBROUS joint is found along the flat bones of the cranium
describe cartilaginous joint
Permits only limited motion, mainly stretching or compression
Included within this type of joint are the fibrocartilaginous joints found in intervertebral disc and in the pelvic symphysis
describe synovial joints
permits a wide range of motion
At least two bones articulating, and in many cases more than two
The articulating areas of the bones involved are covered with articular (hyaline) cartilage
define articular cartilage
covers articulating areas of the bones in a synovial joint
avascular
insensitive
define joint capsule
surrounds and envelops the entire synovial joint
consists of two layers: a fibrous layer and a synovial membrane
describe fibrous layer
outer layer of joint capsule
protective strengthening
sometimes involved with ligament formation
contains nerves that register position (proprioreception) and pain
describe synovial membrane
inner layer
secretes synovial fluid
define joint cavity
The enclosed space formed inside the joint capsule
filled with synovial fluid
define synovial fluid
provides lubrication for the joint movement and provides a route for the diffusion of oxygen and nutrients to, and removal of waste products from, the joint articular cartilage
osteochondritis dissecans (OCD)
a dissecting or abrading injury to articular cartilage
produces pain & lameness
surgical intervention preferred
most common site for this lesion is the shoulder, but elbow, hock, stifle, & femoral head may also be affected
define ligaments
attaches bone to bone
a thick collagenous band
Sometimes a ligament is a thickening of the joint capsule, other times it is a distinct entity
function is to stabilize the joint
name the 4 types of connective tissue attachments of skeletal muscles to the skeleton
tendon (bundle shaped connective tissue)
fleshy (very small connective tissue)
aponeurosis (sheet-like connective tissue)
fascia (surrounding)
compartment syndrome
elevation of interstitial pressure w/in a closed deep fascial compartment that results in pain, microvascular compromise and can lead to damaged blood vessels, nerves, and muscle cells
what’s the flexor surface of a joint?
caudal aspect of the joint
define abduction
limb movement away from median plane (abduct, take away)
describe extension
muscle contraction that increase the angle of the joint flexor surface
define adduction
limb movement toward median plane (add to the body)
describe flexion
muscle contraction that reduces the angle of the flexor surface
define pronation
appendage rotation so that the palmar or plantar surface of the paw faces laterally
define supination
appendage rotation so that the palmar or plantar surface of the paw faces medially (‘sup, handshake)
describe bursa
sac formed by synovial membrane & outer fibrous sheath (identical to a synovial joint) & is filled with synovial fluid
typically found between bone & a tendon where there would be friction on one side of the tendon as it moves against the bone
describe tendon sheath
an elongated, synovial fluid-filled bursa that completely surrounds a tendon
typically found where more surfaces of the tendon are subjected to frictional forces, meaning one side of the tendon is against bone & the other is under & against a retinaculum
define retinaculum
a band of fascia that passes over or under tendons to help keep them in place
define mesotendon
an area where 2 ends of the tendon sheath meet
vessels & nerves can pass a tendon through the mesotendon
