assignment 2

Question 1

arthropology

Answer 1

study of joints and ligaments

Question 2

joint

Answer 2

an articulation formed when two or more bones come in contact

Question 3

what are the 3 types of joints?

Answer 3

fibrous
cartilaginous
synovial

Question 4

describe fibrous joints

Answer 4

Have minimal movement, and their main purpose is to hold bones together

An example of a FIBROUS joint is found along the flat bones of the cranium

Question 5

describe cartilaginous joint

Answer 5

Permits only limited motion, mainly stretching or compression

Included within this type of joint are the fibrocartilaginous joints found in intervertebral disc and in the pelvic symphysis

Question 6

describe synovial joints

Answer 6

permits a wide range of motion

At least two bones articulating, and in many cases more than two

The articulating areas of the bones involved are covered with articular (hyaline) cartilage

Question 7

define articular cartilage

Answer 7

covers articulating areas of the bones in a synovial joint
avascular
insensitive

Question 8

define joint capsule

Answer 8

surrounds and envelops the entire synovial joint

consists of two layers: a fibrous layer and a synovial membrane

Question 9

describe fibrous layer

Answer 9

outer layer of joint capsule
protective strengthening
sometimes involved with ligament formation
contains nerves that register position (proprioreception) and pain

Question 10

describe synovial membrane

Answer 10

inner layer
secretes synovial fluid

Question 11

define joint cavity

Answer 11

The enclosed space formed inside the joint capsule

filled with synovial fluid

Question 12

define synovial fluid

Answer 12

provides lubrication for the joint movement and provides a route for the diffusion of oxygen and nutrients to, and removal of waste products from, the joint articular cartilage

Question 13

osteochondritis dissecans (OCD)

Answer 13

a dissecting or abrading injury to articular cartilage
produces pain & lameness
surgical intervention preferred
most common site for this lesion is the shoulder, but elbow, hock, stifle, & femoral head may also be affected

Question 14

define ligaments

Answer 14

attaches bone to bone
a thick collagenous band
Sometimes a ligament is a thickening of the joint capsule, other times it is a distinct entity
function is to stabilize the joint

Question 15

name the 4 types of connective tissue attachments of skeletal muscles to the skeleton

Answer 15

tendon (bundle shaped connective tissue)
fleshy (very small connective tissue)
aponeurosis (sheet-like connective tissue)
fascia (surrounding)

Question 16

compartment syndrome

Answer 16

elevation of interstitial pressure w/in a closed deep fascial compartment that results in pain, microvascular compromise and can lead to damaged blood vessels, nerves, and muscle cells

Question 17

what’s the flexor surface of a joint?

Answer 17

caudal aspect of the joint

Question 17

define abduction

Answer 17

limb movement away from median plane (abduct, take away)

Question 17

describe extension

Answer 17

muscle contraction that increase the angle of the joint flexor surface

Question 17

define adduction

Answer 17

limb movement toward median plane (add to the body)

Question 17

describe flexion

Answer 17

muscle contraction that reduces the angle of the flexor surface

Question 17

define pronation

Answer 17

appendage rotation so that the palmar or plantar surface of the paw faces laterally

Question 17

define supination

Answer 17

appendage rotation so that the palmar or plantar surface of the paw faces medially (‘sup, handshake)

Question 18

describe bursa

Answer 18

sac formed by synovial membrane & outer fibrous sheath (identical to a synovial joint) & is filled with synovial fluid

typically found between bone & a tendon where there would be friction on one side of the tendon as it moves against the bone

Question 18

describe tendon sheath

Answer 18

an elongated, synovial fluid-filled bursa that completely surrounds a tendon

typically found where more surfaces of the tendon are subjected to frictional forces, meaning one side of the tendon is against bone & the other is under & against a retinaculum

Question 19

define retinaculum

Answer 19

a band of fascia that passes over or under tendons to help keep them in place

Question 20

define mesotendon

Answer 20

an area where 2 ends of the tendon sheath meet
vessels & nerves can pass a tendon through the mesotendon