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Cancer Biology > Assessment 3 > Flashcards

Assessment 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Carcinogens:

A

cancer causing agent (all are mutagen) – may cause cancer by altering metabolism or damaging DNA directly in cells, which interferes with normal biological processes`

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2
Q

Mutagen:

A

causes mutation, an agent such as radiation or a chemical substance that causes genetic mutation

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3
Q

Ames Test

A
  • adds chemical in question to bacteria, observe growth (indicates damaged DNA not cancer)
  • Method that uses bacteria to test whether a given chemical can cause mutations in the DNA of the test organism
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4
Q

Transformation of cultured cells:

A

still not mimicking whole body (weak to observe + costly)

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5
Q

Animal testing:

A

extremely expensive, requires approval, need large number of males and females

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6
Q

Epidiology – humans:

A

the study of the disruption of disease in human populations and of factors that influence the disease distribution
• Identify causative agents that predispose human risk for cancer
• Association between: exposure and risk, lifestyle and risk
• Experimental: cause and effect
• Descriptive: assesses characteristics

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7
Q

Meiosis:

A

sexual reproduction stages G0-G2 M stage has 2 stages
• Prophase – anaphase only 1 spindle fiber attaches to each chromosome (sister chromatids (sister chromatids stay together in anaphase 1
• Meiosis 2: 2 created cells go through meiosis, looks exactly like mitosis
• End result: 4 cells with half the amount of original DNA

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8
Q

Fertilization :

A

1 egg every month

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9
Q

Oogenesis:

A

making an egg, starts 3 months in utero, all eggs made by 6 months – some then begin to apoptose (more die off as you get older)

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10
Q

Sperm:

A

begin making after puberty

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11
Q

Genes:

A

sequence on DNA that will be translated into protein

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12
Q

Allele:

A

2 versions of the same gene

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13
Q

Locus:

A

where gene is located on the chromosome

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14
Q

Phenotype:

A

what genes end up being expressed as

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15
Q

Hetero/homozygous:

A

having two different or same alleles of a particular gene

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16
Q

Dominant:

A

a variation of a gene that will produce a certain phenotype, even in the presence of other alleles, an allele is dominant because one copy of the allele produces enough enzyme to supply a cell with planet of a given product

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17
Q

Recessive:

A

phenotype displayed only when it is the only allele present

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18
Q

Codominance:

A

both alleles are simultaneously expressed in the heterozygote

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19
Q

Indicators of increased risk:

A
  • 1 or more 1st degree relatives
  • Early onset, every cell has one mutated gene
  • Close relatives
  • Seen in paired organs
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20
Q

Cancer gene inheritance:

A
  • Rb
  • Brca 1,2
  • Colotrectal
  • P53
  • Inc 4
  • XP: DNA repair genes from UV light
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21
Q

Rb:

A
  • tumor growth in retina

- holds E2F in place

22
Q

Brca 1,2:

A
  • increase risk of breast cancer

- DNA repair – repair breaks

23
Q

Colorectal:

A

APC: Gene Protection

24
Q

P53:

A
  • very rare very deadly – important in apoptosis and dna repair can pause cell cycle
25
Q

Inc 4:

A
  • Increased risk of melanoma
26
Q

XP:

A
  • DNA repair genes from UV light
27
Q

Bacterium:

A
  • single cell, much smaller, no internal organelles, cell wall for protection and structure, divide rapidly by form of mitosis
28
Q

H Pylori:

A
  • bacterium with a tale that lives in your stomach. Swims and burrows into mucus layer, mucus and cell will be exposed to acid. CAG-A will interpret cadherin signal (produced by bacterium) cells ignore signal to stop dividing. Since discovery stomach cancer has dropped significantly
29
Q

Antibiotics function:

A
  • prevent development of well wall, can’t divide will die, attach to ribosomes to kill production of proteins
30
Q

Virus:

A
  • hijack’s a living cell (impossible to divide on it’s own) kill host cell, cell explodes releasing virus to affect surrounding cells (can have wither a DNA genome or RNA genome)
31
Q

Virus proteins:

A
  • E6 and E7
32
Q

E6:

A
  • Binds and deactivates P53
33
Q

E7:

A
  • Binds and deactivates Rb allowing E2F to run wild
34
Q

Antiviral drugs:

A
  • Very specific, different from RNA to DNA
35
Q

Neutrophil:

A
  • Eats up bacterium, oozing infection
36
Q

Natural killer cell:

A
  • Assassin
37
Q

T Cell:

A
  • Thymus, T cells learn what is self (good) and what is non-self (bad)
38
Q

Macrophage:

A
  • Big eat
39
Q

Phagocytose:

A
  • Break into little bits
40
Q

B cell:

A
  • mature in bone marrow, learn to attack anything that is not self
41
Q

MHC Viral bit:

A
  • packaged foreign bits
42
Q

TCR:

A
  • Binds to MHC of another cell, examines contents of pocket, if foreign bits found T cell turns on
43
Q

T helper signal:

A
  • ramps up immune system, meiosis occurs in lymph nodes causing them to swell.
44
Q

T + B cell memory:

A
  • once you experience 1 virus, your immune system will start to work faster
45
Q

Geographical effect on cancer:

A
  • societal effects plays a role in reporting, faulty documentation, and skewed numbers
46
Q

Bias:

A
  • surveys relying on people’s memory
47
Q

Diet:

A
  • Fat - some is needed, a lot is bad. Excess allows for concentration of other chemicals.
48
Q

Smoking:

A
  • Lung, bladder, and kidneys all affected by smoke. Blood stream pushed out into urine.
49
Q

Radiation:

A
  • A wave of energy with the ability to damage cells
50
Q

Radon:

A
  • Naturally occurring cancer causing agent (marble in the ground)
51
Q

Skin cancer and sunlight exposure:

A
  • Greater instances of skin cancer correlated to areas that get more sun (Whites that colonized Australia)

Cancer Biology (8 decks)

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