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History Big Questions > ASIA - Vietnam Escalation 🔫 > Flashcards

ASIA - Vietnam Escalation 🔫 Flashcards

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1
Q

List the order of the Presidents in charge during the war

A

Truman, Eisenhower, Kennedy, Johnson, Nixon, Ford

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2
Q

What did Truman do as President?

A

Dealt with Berlin Blockade (1948) and Marshall Plan (1947), dealt with the Korean War, financed the French against the Viet Minh

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3
Q

What did Eisenhower do as President?

A

Paid 80% French’s costs fighting Viet Minh, financially supported Ngo Dinh Diem

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4
Q

What did Kennedy do as President?

A

Increased military advisors to 11,500 and allowed US pilots to fly combat missions while pretending to be instructors, removed Diem from control

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5
Q

What did Johnson do as President?

A

increased involvement massively as didn’t want to be first President to lose a war

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6
Q

What did Nixon do as President?

A

ended the draft, Vietnamisation policy, oversaw ceasefire in 1973

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7
Q

Who helped the Viet Minh?

A

USSR and China

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8
Q

Why were the Viet Minh so good?

A

effective leadership, guerilla tactics, determination, peasants’ help

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9
Q

How many French soldiers were tied up by the Viet Minh from the VM hit and run raids?

A

190,000

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10
Q

How many casualties did the VM’s hit and run raids cause the French?

A

90,000

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11
Q

How many French troops died during the war?

A

73,000

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12
Q

How did the French retaliate to the VM?

A

attempted to control countryside, but failed - meant VM controlled countryside and could use their guerilla tactics

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13
Q

When was the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

A

1954

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14
Q

How many died in the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

A

3000 in battle + 8000 later in captivity

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15
Q

What happened at the Battle of Dien Bien Phu?

A

large, well-armed French force were defeated by VM

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16
Q

List 4 reasons why the USA got involved in Vietnam

A

containment, American politics, domino theory, military-industrial complex

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17
Q

What was containment, and which Presidents did it involve?

A

stopping the advance of communism where it looked like it was spreading - Eisenhower and JFK supported Diem as he was anti-communist

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18
Q

Why were American politics an influence over the involvement in the war?

A

to talk tough on communism would win you votes at election time

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19
Q

Who were convinced of the domino theory, and what is this?

A

President Eisenhower and his Secretary of State JF Dulles - believed if Vietnam fell to communism, so would Laos, Cambodia, Burma etc.

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20
Q

What was the military-industrial complex?

A

believing that powerful groups within the US wanted a war - milotary and big businesses would benefit from the war

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21
Q

Between 1945-49, what was America’s involvement in the war

A

No direct involvement - unofficially supporting Ho Chi Minh as they didn’t like European colonies

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22
Q

How long was the war between the Viet Minh and the French?

A

1949-1954

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23
Q

How much did the USA give France?

A

$500 million

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24
Q

At what battle were the french finally defeated?

A

The Battle of Dien Bien Phu (1954)

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25
Q

Where, and what did the peace conference decide in 1954?

A

Geneva - agreed to divide the North and South Vietnam until elections were held in the future

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26
Q

What did the USA set up, under what leader?

A

Republic of South Vietnam - Ngo Dinh Diem

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27
Q

What did the US do with the first elections in Vietnam?

A

Stopped them from happening as the North was controlled by communism - US scared of communist victpry

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28
Q

What was Ngl Dinh Diem prepared to do?

A

Imprison or exile communists

29
Q

What religion was Ngo Dinh Diem?

A

Christian

30
Q

What was wrong with Ngo Dinh Diem?

A

His regime was corrupt / he gave important jobs to family and friends / refused to hold elections

31
Q

How much did the USA give to Ngo Dinh Diem?

A

$1.6 billion in the 1950s

32
Q

When was Ngo Dinh Diem killed, and by who?

A

1963 - army leaders

33
Q

When was Thich Quang Duc significant, and for what?

A

1963 - a Buddhist monk burned himself to death in protest

34
Q

What is the long title of the Viet Cong, and when was it set up?

A

The National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam - 1960

35
Q

In what year did Kennedy sent ‘advisors’ to fight the VC?

A

1962

36
Q

What did Kennedy set up, moving peasants from VC areas to areas controlled by the S.Vietnamese govt?

A

Strategic Hamlet Relocation Programme

37
Q

By the end of 1962, how many hamlets, housing how many people, were there?

A

3000 hamlets

4 million peasants

38
Q

How many military advisors were there in the South by 1962?

A

11,500

39
Q

How many military advisors were there in the South by 1964?

A

23,000

40
Q

Was the SHP positive?

A

It pushed civilians to support the VC / corrupt officials under Diem made money off it

41
Q

On what dates was the USS Maddox attacked?

A

Aug 2nd and 4th 1964

42
Q

How many Vietnamese torpedo boats attacked the USS Maddox?

A

3

43
Q

What did the Gulf of Tonkin attack result in, made by Congress?

A

The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, giving Johnson the power to “take all necessary measures to prevent further aggression and achieve peace and security”

44
Q

What did Johnson use the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution to justify doing?

A

sending marines to Vietnam in March 1965

45
Q

By 8th March 1965, how many US Marines landed where in the South, starting the Vietnam War?

A

3,500 Marines (note: not advisors, but troops) - in Da Nang

46
Q

When was My Lai and what were the group of soldiers called?

A

March 1968 - Charlie Company

47
Q

How many VC soldiers had Charlie Company been told they would find in My Lai?

A

200

48
Q

how many civilians been murdered in My Lai?

A

300-400 mostly women, children and old men

49
Q

How were civilians killed in My Lai?

A

Mowed down by machine gun fire in an irrigation ditch or in their homes after being raped and tortured

50
Q

How many VC soldiers were ever found in My Lai?

A

None

51
Q

How many weapons were recovered from My Lai?

A

3

52
Q

What was the name of the army helicopter pilot who landed his aircraft between the soldiers and the retreating villagers, threatening to open fire on his own troops in My Lau?

A

Hugh Thompson

53
Q

What did the commanding officer’s report say about My Lai?

A

20 non-combatants has been killed by accident, but the rest were VC members

54
Q

Who wrote a letter to Washington saying he had evidence of “something rather dark and bloody” at My Lai?

A

Ronald Ridenhour

55
Q

Which magazine published photos of the massacre at My Lai that had been taken by an army photographer

A

Life magazine

56
Q

In what month and year was Lt. Calley formally charged with the murder of how many people?

A

September 1969 - 109

57
Q

In what month and year was Lt. Calley found guilty of murdering how many civilians?

A

March 1971 - 22 civilians

58
Q

In August 1971, what was Lt. Calley sentenced to?

A

20 years hard labour

59
Q

After how long was Lt. Calley released?

A

After 3 years in November 1974

60
Q

In November 1969, how many anti-war protestors demonstrated in Washington?

A

700,000

61
Q

During the Tet New year holiday, VC fighters attacked how many cities, and what significant target?

A

100 cities and the US embassy in Saigon

62
Q

Tet Offensive

Around how many VC soldiers tied
down a large US and S.Vietnamese force in Saigon for how many days?

A

4500 VC for 2 days

63
Q

How many soldiers did the VC lose from the Tet Offensive

A

10,000

64
Q

How much was the USA spending on the the war a year?

A

$20 billion

65
Q

What ancient city was destroyed during Tet Offensive?

A

Hue

66
Q

What did CBS journalist Walter Cronkite say after the Tet Offensive?

A

“What the hell is going on? I thought we were winning the war”

67
Q

After the Tet Offensive, what did President Johnson admit, and then do?

A

That the war could not be won militarily - he reduced bombing campaign and instructed peace negotiations

68
Q

Where and when did Peace Talks begin?

A

Paris - March 1968

69
Q

Why was the Tet Offensive so significant?

A

With all the money and troops the US had put in Vietnam, how could a small communist force beat them? It made people question the point of the war

History Big Questions (5 decks)

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