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FOUNDATIONS EXAM 2 > Asepsis > Flashcards

Asepsis Flashcards

1
Q

List the parts of the chain of infection cycle

A

-infectious agent
-reservoir
-portal of exit (reservoir)
-means of transmission
-portals of entry
-susceptible host

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2
Q

Apart of the chain of infection, can be bacterial, viral, or fungal

A

the infectious agent

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3
Q

what is the natural habitat of the organism called

A

reservoir

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4
Q

Where the pathogen can escape

A

portal of exit

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5
Q

how the organism can move and get to another host

A

means of transmission

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6
Q

what is the portal of entry?

A

where the pathogen enters the new host

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7
Q

what makes a host susceptible

A

if the pathogen can overcome the protection the host has (immune system)

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8
Q

What are ways we can break the chain of infection

A

handwashing, sterilization, antibiotics, PPE, clean wound dressings, proper disposal of supplies

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9
Q

what is the most frequent infectious agent in the hospital, give some examples

A

bacteria ex. strep and staph

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10
Q

what is the smallest pathogen, Give examples

A

viruses ex. influenza, hepatitis, HIV

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11
Q

a plant-like infectious agent can get from soil, water and sometimes airborne, give examples

A

fungi ex. yeast, athlete’s foot

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12
Q

an infectious agent that lives on the host, give examples

A

parasite ex. malaria

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13
Q

what are the main types of infectious agents

A

bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites

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14
Q

define iatrogenic infection and an example of one

A

results from a therapeutic or diagnostic procedure ex. UTI from catheter placement

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15
Q

and infection from organisms external to the patient, that are not normally present

A

exogenous infection ex. salmonella

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16
Q

define endogenous infection and give an example

A

microorganisms that exist as part of the normal flora and become pathogenic ex. strep, E. coli, yeast

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17
Q

why are hospitals concerned about HAI

A

MONEY, they won’t get paid for treatment, and that pt is taking up a hospital bed

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18
Q

What are some of the most common HAI

A

-C. diff infections
-VAE (ventilator-associated events, pneumonia)
-CAUTI (catheter-associated urinary tract infection)
-CLABSI (Central line-associated bloodstream infection)

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19
Q

What is a bundle?

A

preventative practice nurses perform, an if-then process

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20
Q

what is the main way that CAUTIS has been decreased

A

not using indwelling catheters unless absolutely needed
ex. retention, accurate I&Os, large wound, anatomy

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21
Q

what is an MDRO and give an example

A

a multi-drug resistant organism
ex. MRSA, VRE, C. diff

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22
Q

what are common blood-borne pathogens

A

hepatitis B&C and HIV

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23
Q

things to know about C. diff

A

spreads very easily, good hygiene and PPE practices are needed

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23
Q

What are the modes of transmission

A

contact
-direct (touching)
indirect: vector: coming from an outside source (Lyme) Fomite: door handle transmission (object)
droplet
airborne

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24
Q

what are the body’s first line of defense to fight infection

A

intact skin and normal flora

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25
Q

what are the two main protective responses of the body

A

inflammatory and immune

26
Q

when does the inflammatory response occur

A

trauma or infection

27
Q

what is the goal of the inflammatory response

A

eliminate an invader and start tissue repair

28
Q

is the inflammatory response acute or chronic

A

it is both

29
Q

signs of inflammation

A

redness, swelling, pain, heat, loss of function
- if infection… WBC will raise
-note BP levels

29
Q

how does the vascular cell response work

A

vasoconstriction and vasodilation, histamine release

30
Q

why would vasodilation occur during infection, causing a BP drop

A

bacteria cause holes in blood vessels

30
Q

how does the cellular response work

A

WBC will move to the target area

31
Q

the goal of the immune response

A

to protect and defend

32
Q

what is humoral immunity

A

the body has created an antibody… antigen –> antibody

33
Q

what is cellular immunity

A

increased lymphocytes (WBC) that destroy harmful and infected cells

34
Q

how do vaccines work

A

by imitating an infection, causing the body to produce t-lymphocytes and antibodies
- after a few weeks the body then has memory t-lymphocytes and antibodies

35
Q

what are common vaccines that healthy adults will get

A

COVID, influenza and Tdap

36
Q

what vaccines may at-risk adults get

A

zoster, pneumococcal and meningococcal

37
Q

what is a titer test

A

blood test to see how many antibodies for an infection you have

38
Q

what are some examples that make a host compromised?

A

-skin break
-invasive devices ex. PIC line, catheter, intubation
-statis of body fluid
-inadequate nutrition
-stress
-hyper glycemia
-immune dysfunction
-co-existing medical problems ex. autoimmune, diabetes, COPD
-drug therapy ex. anti-rejection meds, steroids, chemo, antibiotics

39
Q

asepsis concerns for infants

A

it takes six months for vaccines and immunity to take effect

40
Q

asepsis concerns for toddlers

A

poor hygiene and passing bacteria

41
Q

asepsis concerns for children

A

skin issues: lice, eczema, etc

42
Q

asepsis concerns for adults and older adults

A

decreases immunity, caused by a variety of things

43
Q

what is the WHO

A

World Health Organisation, run by the United Nations

44
Q

what is the CDC

A

Center for Disease Control, a federal agency (Department of Health and Human Services) that tracts data and makes recommendations

45
Q

what is the TJC

A

The joint commission, needed to bill for Medicare and Medicaid services
-will have unannounced inspections

46
Q

what is OSHA

A

Occupational Safety and Health Administration (Department of Labor), is a federal agency that requires employers to have safety plans in place
-conducts inspections without notice

47
Q

what are standard precautions

A

treat everyone like they have an infection
- all body fluids may be contaminated (wear gloves)
-respiratory hygiene etiquette
-safe injection practices

48
Q

what are examples of other asepsis interventions

A

-Bundles
-needleless devices (screw-on syringes)
-hand hygiene
-PPE
-isolation and reverse isolation
-immunizations
-disinfection
-waste disposal

49
Q

What is a time-out

A

a pause before a procedure to ask if
-right patient
-right procedure

50
Q

important things to note with isolation

A
  • can be mentally isolating and movement-restrictive
  • Hourly rounding needs to be made a priority
    -make sure appropriate signage and PPE is available
    -can cohort when appropriate
51
Q

what to do for contact precautions

A

wear PPE
- gloves and gown
precaution that would be used for C. diff

52
Q

what to do for droplet precautions

A

wear PPE
-gloves, mask, face shield
-best to stay 3ft away
precaution would be used for influenza, rubella, mumps, diphtheria

53
Q

what to do for airborne precautions

A

wear PPE
-N95, gloves, gown
-negative pressure room
precaution would be used for TB, varicella, measles

54
Q

the goal of medical asepsis

A

reducing the spread and number of microorganisms
-CLEAN

55
Q

the goal of surgical asepsis

A

prevent microorganisms from getting into the patient
-STERILE

56
Q

Objective data important to asepsis

A

-Vitals (can change with pain)
-WBC (should be 4,500 to 11,000)
-ESR: erythrocyte sedimentation rate (if elevated, concerned)
-Lactate (if elevated, concerned)
-cultures (prevent resistance and form a plan of care)
-know the pts normal, acute changes and improvement

57
Q

what are the stages of infection

A
  1. incubation (entrance - symptoms)
  2. prodromal (nonspecific symptoms, most contagious)
  3. Acute (specific symptoms)
  4. Convalescence (antibodies are present)
58
Q

what are the signs of infection

A

-fever (100.4)
-increases HR and respiratory rate
-inflammation
-pain
-drainage
-enlarged lymph nodes
-rash
-GI

59
Q

Sepsis is a full-body infection (also known as SIRS: systemic inflammatory response syndrome) , that leads to 1/3 of the deaths in a hospital, what are symptoms to look out for?

A

-hypotension (Systolic under 90)
This is caused by vasodilation, damaged blood vessels from bacteria
-fever or hypothermia (100.4 and 96.8
hypothermia is more dangerous
-WBC raised or lowered (12,000 or 4,000)
-HR above 90
-respirations above 20
-altered mental status

60
Q

what is the treatment for sepsis

A

antibiotics, steroids, and IV fluids

FOUNDATIONS EXAM 2 (6 decks)

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