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FOUNDATIONS EXAM 2 > Asepsis > Flashcards

Asepsis Flashcards

1
Q

List the parts of the chain of infection cycle

A

-infectious agent
-reservoir
-portal of exit (reservoir)
-means of transmission
-portals of entry
-susceptible host

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2
Q

Apart of the chain of infection, can be bacterial, viral, or fungal

A

the infectious agent

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3
Q

what is the natural habitat of the organism called

A

reservoir

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4
Q

Where the pathogen can escape

A

portal of exit

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5
Q

how the organism can move and get to another host

A

means of transmission

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6
Q

what is the portal of entry?

A

where the pathogen enters the new host

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7
Q

what makes a host susceptible

A

if the pathogen can overcome the protection the host has (immune system)

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8
Q

What are ways we can break the chain of infection

A

handwashing, sterilization, antibiotics, PPE, clean wound dressings, proper disposal of supplies

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9
Q

what is the most frequent infectious agent in the hospital, give some examples

A

bacteria ex. strep and staph

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10
Q

what is the smallest pathogen, Give examples

A

viruses ex. influenza, hepatitis, HIV

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11
Q

a plant-like infectious agent can get from soil, water and sometimes airborne, give examples

A

fungi ex. yeast, athlete’s foot

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12
Q

an infectious agent that lives on the host, give examples

A

parasite ex. malaria

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13
Q

what are the main types of infectious agents

A

bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites

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14
Q

define iatrogenic infection and an example of one

A

results from a therapeutic or diagnostic procedure ex. UTI from catheter placement

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15
Q

and infection from organisms external to the patient, that are not normally present

A

exogenous infection ex. salmonella

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16
Q

define endogenous infection and give an example

A

microorganisms that exist as part of the normal flora and become pathogenic ex. strep, E. coli, yeast

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17
Q

why are hospitals concerned about HAI

A

MONEY, they won’t get paid for treatment, and that pt is taking up a hospital bed

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18
Q

What are some of the most common HAI

A

-C. diff infections
-VAE (ventilator-associated events, pneumonia)
-CAUTI (catheter-associated urinary tract infection)
-CLABSI (Central line-associated bloodstream infection)

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19
Q

What is a bundle?

A

preventative practice nurses perform, an if-then process

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20
Q

what is the main way that CAUTIS has been decreased

A

not using indwelling catheters unless absolutely needed
ex. retention, accurate I&Os, large wound, anatomy

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21
Q

what is an MDRO and give an example

A

a multi-drug resistant organism
ex. MRSA, VRE, C. diff

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22
Q

what are common blood-borne pathogens

A

hepatitis B&C and HIV

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23
Q

things to know about C. diff

A

spreads very easily, good hygiene and PPE practices are needed

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23
Q

What are the modes of transmission

A

contact
-direct (touching)
indirect: vector: coming from an outside source (Lyme) Fomite: door handle transmission (object)
droplet
airborne

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24
what are the body's first line of defense to fight infection
intact skin and normal flora
25
what are the two main protective responses of the body
inflammatory and immune
26
when does the inflammatory response occur
trauma or infection
27
what is the goal of the inflammatory response
eliminate an invader and start tissue repair
28
is the inflammatory response acute or chronic
it is both
29
signs of inflammation
redness, swelling, pain, heat, loss of function - if infection... WBC will raise -note BP levels
29
how does the vascular cell response work
vasoconstriction and vasodilation, histamine release
30
why would vasodilation occur during infection, causing a BP drop
bacteria cause holes in blood vessels
30
how does the cellular response work
WBC will move to the target area
31
the goal of the immune response
to protect and defend
32
what is humoral immunity
the body has created an antibody... antigen --> antibody
33
what is cellular immunity
increased lymphocytes (WBC) that destroy harmful and infected cells
34
how do vaccines work
by imitating an infection, causing the body to produce t-lymphocytes and antibodies - after a few weeks the body then has memory t-lymphocytes and antibodies
35
what are common vaccines that healthy adults will get
COVID, influenza and Tdap
36
what vaccines may at-risk adults get
zoster, pneumococcal and meningococcal
37
what is a titer test
blood test to see how many antibodies for an infection you have
38
what are some examples that make a host compromised?
-skin break -invasive devices ex. PIC line, catheter, intubation -statis of body fluid -inadequate nutrition -stress -hyper glycemia -immune dysfunction -co-existing medical problems ex. autoimmune, diabetes, COPD -drug therapy ex. anti-rejection meds, steroids, chemo, antibiotics
39
asepsis concerns for infants
it takes six months for vaccines and immunity to take effect
40
asepsis concerns for toddlers
poor hygiene and passing bacteria
41
asepsis concerns for children
skin issues: lice, eczema, etc
42
asepsis concerns for adults and older adults
decreases immunity, caused by a variety of things
43
what is the WHO
World Health Organisation, run by the United Nations
44
what is the CDC
Center for Disease Control, a federal agency (Department of Health and Human Services) that tracts data and makes recommendations
45
what is the TJC
The joint commission, needed to bill for Medicare and Medicaid services -will have unannounced inspections
46
what is OSHA
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (Department of Labor), is a federal agency that requires employers to have safety plans in place -conducts inspections without notice
47
what are standard precautions
treat everyone like they have an infection - all body fluids may be contaminated (wear gloves) -respiratory hygiene etiquette -safe injection practices
48
what are examples of other asepsis interventions
-Bundles -needleless devices (screw-on syringes) -hand hygiene -PPE -isolation and reverse isolation -immunizations -disinfection -waste disposal
49
What is a time-out
a pause before a procedure to ask if -right patient -right procedure
50
important things to note with isolation
- can be mentally isolating and movement-restrictive - Hourly rounding needs to be made a priority -make sure appropriate signage and PPE is available -can cohort when appropriate
51
what to do for contact precautions
wear PPE - gloves and gown precaution that would be used for C. diff
52
what to do for droplet precautions
wear PPE -gloves, mask, face shield -best to stay 3ft away precaution would be used for influenza, rubella, mumps, diphtheria
53
what to do for airborne precautions
wear PPE -N95, gloves, gown -negative pressure room precaution would be used for TB, varicella, measles
54
the goal of medical asepsis
reducing the spread and number of microorganisms -CLEAN
55
the goal of surgical asepsis
prevent microorganisms from getting into the patient -STERILE
56
Objective data important to asepsis
-Vitals (can change with pain) -WBC (should be 4,500 to 11,000) -ESR: erythrocyte sedimentation rate (if elevated, concerned) -Lactate (if elevated, concerned) -cultures (prevent resistance and form a plan of care) -know the pts normal, acute changes and improvement
57
what are the stages of infection
1. incubation (entrance - symptoms) 2. prodromal (nonspecific symptoms, most contagious) 3. Acute (specific symptoms) 4. Convalescence (antibodies are present)
58
what are the signs of infection
-fever (100.4) -increases HR and respiratory rate -inflammation -pain -drainage -enlarged lymph nodes -rash -GI
59
Sepsis is a full-body infection (also known as SIRS: systemic inflammatory response syndrome) , that leads to 1/3 of the deaths in a hospital, what are symptoms to look out for?
-hypotension (Systolic under 90) This is caused by vasodilation, damaged blood vessels from bacteria -fever or hypothermia (100.4 and 96.8 hypothermia is more dangerous -WBC raised or lowered (12,000 or 4,000) -HR above 90 -respirations above 20 -altered mental status
60
what is the treatment for sepsis
antibiotics, steroids, and IV fluids

FOUNDATIONS EXAM 2 (6 decks)

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