Asepsis Flashcards
definition of infection?
disease resulting from a pathogen in or on the body
*not all pathogens cause disease
what is HAI?
health care associated infections
infections that develop anytime during the course of treatment for other conditions
top offenders for HAI?
urinary tract infections (top)
surgical site infections
blood stream infections
pneumonia
nosocomial?
originated or occurred specifically inside a hospital setting
what are blood borne pathogens?
infectious microorganisms in the blood that can cause disease in humans
HAIs annually?
2 million infections
99,000 deaths
30.5 billion in associated costs
medicare/medicaid no pay list?
CAUTI- catheter assoc UTI
vascular catheter related infections
surgical site infections
*encourages nurses to practice correctly and safely
factors predisposing patients to nosocomial infections?
invasive device use
antibiotic resistant organisms
poor compliance w hand washing
3 infectious agents?
bacterial: most significant, most prevalent in hospital settings
virus: smallest
fungi: plant-like, present in air soil water
aerobic?
requires oxygen
anaerobic?
does not need oxygen
infection cycle?
infectious agent- pathogen
reservoir- where it lives
portal of exit- how it gets out
means of transmission- how it travels
portal of entry
susceptible host- easy to infect
most common way to break chain of infection?
hand hygiene
possible reservoirs of microorgs?
humans- ex. TB
animals/insects- mosquitos
soil- ex. tetanus
food/water- ex. E. coli
objects- fomites
pathogens ___ and ___ via same portals?
enter, exit
body’s first line of defense?
intact skin
factors that affect host susceptibility?
intact skin/mucous membranes
WBCs: low counts= pathogens multiply
splenectomy patients (spleen key in immune system)
age: neonates/elderly more susceptible (decreased immunity)
immunizations: natural or acquired
fatigue: decreased immune response
nutritional status: inhibits ability to fight infection
drug therapies: drugs suppress immune abilities (steroids, chemo)
stress: increased stress affects norm defense mechanisms
invasive/indwelling medical devices: entry portal for pathogens
infection stages?
incubation period
prodromal stage
full stage
convalescent period
incubation period?
*diff time periods w/ diff infections
organism growing/multiplying
prodromal stage?
most infectious! vague and nonspecific signs
full illness stage?
specific signs and symptoms
convalescent period?
infection recovery
local infection?
swelling, redness, pain, heat at site
loss of function
purulent drainage
systemic infection?
elevated temp (not in elderly!! normal temp, consciousness level deteriorates)
increased pulse and resp rate
enlarged lymph nodes
lethargy, anorexia (appetite loss)
WBC indications in infection?
elevated! more than 10,000
bone marrow creates immature neutrophils when WBC increase
Neutrophils increased in what infection?
acute bacterial
bands= immature neutrophils
Lymphocytes in what infection?
chronic bacterial (TB) and viral
Eosinophils in what infection?
parasitic/fungus/allergic
C reactive protein?
nonspecific, indicates inflammation
presence of pathogen in urine, blood, sputum, or drainage cultures
VRE?
vancomycin resistant enterococcus
VAP?
ventilator associated pneumonia
HAP?
hospital associated pneumonia
CLABSIs
central line associated bloodstream infections
CAUTI
catheter associated urinary tract infection
what are the bloodborne pathogens?
Hep B
Hep C
HIV
how are bloodborne pathogens transmitted?
needlestick
cuts from contaminated sharps
mucous membrane transmission
perinatal
aerosol
treat everyone in hospital with ____?
standard precautions
- all blood and body fluids as if infected
- potentially contaminated materials as if infected
recapping dirty needles?
NEVER
standard precautions tier 1?
apply to: blood, non-intact skin, mucous membranes, all body fluids, secretions, excretions (not sweat)
Wash hands
Wear gloves
Wear mask
Wear gown
Use sharps disposal
Standard precautions include?
hand hygiene and wearing gloves
using appropriate PPE
-masks, goggles, face shields, gowns, booties, head coverings
safe work practices
-never recap dirty needles
-resp hygiene/couch etiquette
engineering controls
-needless IVs, safety lancets
when do we wash?
wash in and out of rooms
before direct patient contact
after direct contact w patient skin
after contact w body fluids
before putting on sterile gloves
after removing gloves
before procedures
after touching patient surroundings
when to use soap and water?
C. diff
is PPE sterile?
no
donning and doffing?
putting on:
gown, mask, eyewear, gloves (pull over cuff of gown)
taking off: gloves, gown, eyewear, mask
N95 vs PPE?
N95- inhaled air
PPE- exhaled air
what to do if eyes/mouth are exposed?
rinse w continuous water for 5 mins
what to do when standard precautions not enough?
transmission precautions (tier 2)
*use in addition to standard
transmission precautions?
contact
airborne
droplet
contact based?
MRSA
C diff
droplet based?
influenza
pertussis
airborne based?
Covid
TB
measles
chickenpox
scabes
room requirements for airborne?
negative pressure isolation
*use N95
mask for droplet precaution?
surgical mask- NOT N95
what is a redzone?
need full PPE and respirator to enter
isolation room patients suffer from?
depression
anxiety
fewer visits from staff
increased adverse events
medical asepsis
clean technique: hand washing, PPE
surgical asepsis
operating room, labor/delivery areas
anytime you penetrate skin (blood draws, injections, IV)
invasive procedures, sterile dressings, central line dressings, urinary cath insertion
disposal?
black: Rx waste
orange: hazardous waste
yellow: chemo waste
blue: drain/sewer
red but white box: sharps
red: medical waste
tan: general waste
iatrogenic?
result from treatment of diagnostic procedures
airborne?
fine particles that travel far
droplet?
large particles
