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Biology > AS - Keywords > Flashcards

AS - Keywords Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Resolution

A

the ability to be able to distinguish between two objects which are close together.

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2
Q

Magnification

A

the degree to which the size of an image is larger than the object itself.

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3
Q

Staining

A

the process which helps reveal or distinguish different features.

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4
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

the network of protein fibres found within cells that give structure and shape to the cell.

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5
Q

Organelle

A

a particular structure of a cell which has a specialised/specific function.

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6
Q

Phospholipid Bilayer

A

the basic structural components of plasma / cell surface membranes, consisting of two layers of phospholipid.

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7
Q

Fluid Mosaic Model

A

model of cell surface / plasma membrane structure.

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8
Q

Cell signalling

A

cells communicate with one another by signals e.g. hormones to help them work together
and coordinate their actions.

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9
Q

Diffusion

A

the net movement of molecules from a region of high concentration of that molecule to a region of lower concentration of that molecule down a concentration gradient. This is a passive process.

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10
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

A

the net movement of molecules from a region of high concentration of that molecule to a region of lower concentration of that molecule down a concentration gradient through carrier proteins (large molecules) or channel proteins (ions). This is a passive process.

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11
Q

Active transport

A

is the movement of molecules or ions across a membrane from a region of low concentration to a region of higher concentration of that molecule, against the concentration gradient. This process uses ATP to drive the protein ‘pumps’ within the membrane.

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12
Q

Osmosis

A

the net movement of water molecules from a region of high water potential to an area of lower water potential, down the water potential gradient across a partially permeable membrane. This is a passive process.

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13
Q

Solute

A

a solid that dissolves in a liquid.

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14
Q

Solvent

A

a liquid that dissolves solids.

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15
Q

Solution

A

a liquid containing dissolved solids.

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16
Q

Cell cycle

A

describes the events that take place as one parent cell divides to produce two new daughter cells which then each grow to full size.

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17
Q

Mitosis

A

the process of nuclear division where two genetically identical nuclei are formed from one parent cell nucleus.

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18
Q

Clones

A

genetically identical cells or organisms derived from one parent.

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19
Q

Differentiation

A

the changes occurring in cells of a multicellular organism so that each different type of cell
becomes specialised to perform a specific function.

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20
Q

Tissue

A

a group of similar, specialised cells of more than one type working together to perform a common specific function.

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21
Q

Organ

A

a collection of tissues that work together to carry out a common specific function.

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22
Q

Stem cells

A

cells that are not differentiated and are capable of mitosis and differentiation to become other
cell types.

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23
Q

Metabolism

A

is the sum total of all the biochemical reactions taking place in the cells of an organism.

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24
Q

Polysaccharides

A

are polymers of monosaccharides. They consist of hundreds or thousands of monosaccharide monomers bonded together to form a single large molecule.

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25
Q

Hydrolysis

A

breaking a bond with the addition of a water molecule.

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26
Q

Condensation

A

forming a bond with the removal of a water molecule.

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27
Q

Primary structure

A

sequence or order of amino acids in a polypeptide chain.

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28
Q

Secondary structure

A

the coiling or folding of the polypeptide into an alpha helix or beta pleated sheet
held together with hydrogen bonds between amino acids.

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29
Q

Tertiary structure

A

the final 3D shape of the protein. The shape is held in place with hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds between oppositely charged R groups, disulphide bridges and hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactions.

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30
Q

Quaternary structure

A

made up of more than one polypeptide chain joined together to make the final functional protein.

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31
Q

Lipids

A

substances that dissolve in organic solvents like alcohol but not water.

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32
Q

Saturated fatty acids

A

fatty acids with no double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.

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33
Q

Unsaturated fatty acids

A

fatty acids with at least one double bond in the hydrocarbon chain.

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34
Q

Triglyceride

A

3 fatty acids joined to a glycerol molecule with 3 ester bonds.

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35
Q

Nucleotides

A

monomers of nucleic acids. Made of a phosphate group, pentose sugar and a nitrogenous base.

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36
Q

Gene

A

a length of DNA that codes for a specific protein.

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37
Q

Enzyme

A

biological catalysts which reduce the activation energy required for a reaction to take place. They
are protein molecules.

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38
Q

Activation Energy

A

the required amount of energy for a chemical reaction to take place.

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39
Q

Active Site

A

a region on the surface of an enzyme molecule where a substrate can bind and where the reaction takes place.

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40
Q

Enzyme specificity

A

one enzyme’s active site is complementary in shape to only one substrate molecule.

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41
Q

Catalyst

A

a molecule which speeds up a chemical reaction but remains unchanged and is not used up in the reaction.

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42
Q

Extracellular

A

chemical reactions taking place outside of the cell.

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43
Q

Intracellular

A

chemical Reactions taking place inside of the cell.

44
Q

Denaturation

A

when the active site of an enzyme changes shape due to the breaking of bonds, losing its tertiary structure and complementary shape to the substrate.

45
Q

Exchange surface

A

specialised area adapted to make it easier for molecules to cross from one side of the surface to the other.

46
Q

Gaseous exchange

A

the movement of gases by diffusion between an organism and its environment across a barrier e.g. the alveoli.

47
Q

Tissue

A

a group of similar, specialised cells working together to perform a common function.

48
Q

Tidal volume

A

volume of air moved in and out of the lungs with each breath at rest.

49
Q

Vital capacity

A

largest volume of air that can be moved in and out of the lungs in one breath.

50
Q

Residual volume

A

volume of air that always remains in the lungs even after biggest possible exhalation.

51
Q

Inspiratory reserve volume

A

the volume of air that can be breathed in above the normal tidal volume.

52
Q

Expiratory reserve volume

A

the volume of air that can be breathed out above the normal tidal volume.

53
Q

Transport

A

the movement of oxygen, nutrients, hormones, waste and heat around the body.

54
Q

Open circulatory system

A

blood does not always remain in vessels.

55
Q

Closed circulatory system

A

the blood always remains in vessels.

56
Q

Single circulatory system

A

blood passes through the heart once for each circuit of the body.

57
Q

Double circulatory system

A

blood flows twice through the heart for one circuit of the body. Contains a pulmonary circuit and a systemic circuit.

58
Q

Cardiac cycle

A

the sequence of events in one heartbeat.

59
Q

Myogenic

A

muscle tissue that generates its own contractions.

60
Q

Fibrillation

A

the chambers of the heart contracting out of rhythm.

61
Q

Endothelium

A

A tissues that lines the inside of a structure e.g. a blood vessel.

62
Q

Partial pressure

A

the amount of pressure exerted by a gas relative to the total pressure exerted by all the
gases in the mixture.

63
Q

Dissociation

A

the breakdown of a molecule into 2 molecules (oxyhaemoglobin into oxygen and haemoglobin).

64
Q

Bohr effect (Bohr shift)

A

change in shape of the oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve when carbon dioxide is present. Carbon dioxide causes oxyhaemoglobin to release more readily.

65
Q

Transpiration

A

the loss of water by evaporation out of a leaf via the stomata.

66
Q

Xerophyte

A

a plant that is adapted to reduce water loss by transpiration so that it can survive in very dry
conditions.

67
Q

Translocation

A

the transport of assimilates between the sources and sinks of a plant in the phloem tissue. This requires energy.

68
Q

Source

A

where sucrose and other assimilates are loaded into the phloem e.g. leaf.

69
Q

Sink

A

where sucrose and other assimilates are unloaded from the phloem e.g. flower.

70
Q

Assimilates

A

carbon containing compounds produced by a plant using the carbon from carbon dioxide.

71
Q

Disease

A

a departure from good health cause by a malfunction of the mind or body which causes physical, mental or social symptoms.

72
Q

Pathogens

A

organisms that cause disease.

73
Q

Parasites

A

are organisms that live in or on another living thing (host), causing it harm.

74
Q

Transmission

A

the way in which a pathogen or parasite travels from one host to another.

75
Q

Vector

A

an organism which carries a pathogen from one host to another.

76
Q

Immune response

A

the specific response to antigens on the cell surface membrane of a pathogen. It involves lymphocytes and the production of antibodies.

77
Q

Primary defences

A

prevent pathogens from entering body.

78
Q

Secondary defences

A

attempt to kill pathogens after they have entered the body.

79
Q

Non specific

A

digest a range of pathogens.

80
Q

Antigens

A

protein/glycoprotein found on the cell surface membrane of cells. Foreign antigens stimulate an
immune response

81
Q

Antibodies

A

proteins which identify and neutralise antigens. Each antibodies is specific to a particular antigen due to the complementary shapes of the antigen and variable region of the antibody.

82
Q

Vaccination

A

a deliberate exposure to antigenic material which activates the immune system, to make an immune response and provide immunity.

83
Q

Natural immunity

A

gained in the normal course of living.

84
Q

Artificial immunity

A

is gained by an injection which is a deliberate exposure to antibodies or antigens.

85
Q

Passive immunity

A

acquired without the activation of the lymphocytes - provided by antibodies that have not been made by the person’s own immune system.

86
Q

Active immunity

A

acquired by the activation of the person’s own immune system.

87
Q

Biodiversity

A

the range of habitats, the number of different species and the genetic diversity within a
species within an area. It takes into account species richness and species evenness.

88
Q

Species richness

A

number of different species in the habitat.

89
Q

Species evenness

A

relative numbers of how many individuals in each species.

90
Q

Habitat

A

the place where an organism lives.

91
Q

Species

A

a group of organisms similar in appearance, physiology and genetics whose members are able to interbreed to produce fertile offspring.

92
Q

Classification

A

process of sorting living things into groups of similar organisms. It reflects how closely related they are and evolutionary relationships.

93
Q

Taxonomy

A

the study of the principles behind classification - the study of the differences between species (physical and genetic).

94
Q

Phylogeny

A

the study of the evolutionary relationships between organisms, the study of how closely related they are.

95
Q

Variation

A

differences within a species or between different species.

96
Q

Adaptation

A

a feature that enhances survival and long-term reproductive success.

97
Q

Natural selection

A

‘selection’ by the environment of individuals that show certain favourable variations. These individuals will survive to reproduce and pass on their variations to the next generation.

98
Q

Evolution

A

the gradual change in the characteristics of a species over many generations. Driven by selective pressures and natural selection.

99
Q

Speciation

A

the formation of a new species from a pre-existing one.

100
Q

Selective pressure

A

an external factor that drives evolution in a particular direction. It might cause
competition between individuals or cause some organisms to die whilst others survive.

101
Q

Extinct

A

no members of a species remain and it ceases to exist.

102
Q

Critically endangered

A

likely to become extinct as the species numbers have become low due to man made or natural changes in the environment

103
Q

Conservation

A

maintaining biodiversity between species, genetic diversity within species and a variety of habitats and ecosystems.

104
Q

Conservation in situ

A

conserving a species in its natural environment.

105
Q

Conservation ex situ

A

conserving an endangered species by activities that take place outside its normal environment.

Biology (24 decks)

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