AS FP1 : Relationships with Foreign Powers Flashcards
Conceptual Awareness
What were Henry’s aims for Foreign Policy?
- Secure his throne
- International Recognition
- Dynasty’s legitimate succession
- Promote prosperity
- Maintain Prestige but keep costs down
Relationship with Brittany and France
What and when was the Breton Crisis?
1487
France wanted to end Brittany’s independence, however England had loyalties to both France and Brittany.
Relationships with Brittany and France
What was Henry’s major concern about France invading Brittany?
If France defeated Brittany they would have greater control over their northern coast - therefore threatening both England’s southern coast and England’s stakehold in Europe - Calais.
Relationships with Brittany and France
What was Henry’s obligation to both France and Brittany?
Obligation to Brittany due to Treaty of Redon ; but also France as they helped him at the Battle of Bosworth ; both nations helped him during Exile.
Relationships with Brittany and France
What domestic problem was created by the Breton Crisis?
The Yorkshire Rebellion (1489)
Short term problems
Relationships with Brittany and France
How was Henry’s diplomacy during the Breton crisis a success?
- Henry predicted that France would be too preoccupied with Italy to start a war with England
- Henry invaded at the end of the campaigning season causing France to seek a quick peace with England
Long-term success
Relationships with Brittany and France
When was the Treaty of Étaples signed?
1492
Long-term success
Relationships with Brittany and France
What were the terms of the Treaty of Étaples - who was expelled as a result?
- Charles agreed to withdraw his support for Warbeck and pay a pension to Henry to compensate him for the expense of having recruited an army for invasion
- Annual French pension of £5000 per annum.
Long-term success
Relationships with Brittany and France
What league did Henry join but refuse to attack France with - what aims did this fulfil?
1495 - League of Venice ; Henry joined in 1496. By refusing to attack Henry gained international recognition and maintained prestige without having to spend money on a war.
Short-term success
Relationships with France, Spain and HRE
What happened in 1508 that diplomatically isolated Henry - how did this happen?
1508 - League of Cambrai,
Henry wanted to unite with France and the Netherlands, however Spain and France made an alliance away from England and united with the Pope and HRE - England left diplomatically isolated.
Short-term failures
Relationship with Spain
When was the Treaty of Medina Del Campo?
1489
Short-term success
Relationship with Spain
What were the complications of Medina Del Campo?
- Perkin Warbeck threatened England’s security which made Ferdinand apprehensive;
- The 2 monarchs were unable to agree on the size of Catherine’s dowry.
Relationship with Spain
What were the terms of Medina Del Campo?
- 2 monarchies would support eachother in the event of an attack ;
- neither country would harbour rebels or pretenders to the throne ;
- neither country would make agreements with France without consulting the other first ;
- Arthur and Catherine of Aragon would marry.
Short-term success - treaty broke down
Relationships with Spain
When was the marriage between Catherine and Arthur?
1501
Relationships with Spain
When was the death of Arthur ; what problems did this cause?
1502, relationships deteriorated between Spain and England.
Long-term failures
Relationships with Spain
Why did Henry begin to ‘ignore’ Spain after 1502?
- Ferdinand had little enthusiasm for the marriage between Henry VIII and Catherine as it required a papal dispensation
- Ferdinand became less powerful / relevant after the death of Isabella of Castille
- Proposed marriage between Henry VII and Philip of Burgundy’s sister - Margaret - worsened relationships with Spain who turned to France, strengthening relationships.
Long-term failures
Relationships with Spain
What happened in 1506 that was bad for Henry?
Philip of Burgundy dies, making Ferdinand king of Castille - regaining his relevance - he assures that Henry + Catherine never marry in Henry’s lifetime.
- Major failure for Henry, diplomatically isolating him and making the succession less secure.
Long-term failure
Relationships with Scotland
Conceptual Awareness : What was Scotland known as, who did it have an alliance with?
The “thorn in England’s side”, the Auld Alliance between Scotland and France was a major problem for Henry.
Relationships with Scotland
What was the relationship between England and Scotland like at the START of Henry’s reign?
Henry arranged a 3-year-truce with James III in 1486
Short-term success
Relationship wtih Scotland
When did James III die?
1488
Relationships with Scotland
Who succeeded James III - why was this a problem for Henry?
James IV, extremely anti-english, he harboured Perkin Warbeck in 1496.
Long-term problem
Relationship with Scotland
What did the Cornish rebellion show England and Scotland?
That an Anglo-Scottish war would be impossible - pushing them to a truce.
Relationship with Scotland
When was the Truce of Ayton?
1497
Long-term success
Relationship with Scotland
What did the Truce of Ayton become?
The Treaty of Perpetual Peace 1502
Long-term success for Henry VII not for Henry VIII
Relationship with Scotland
What did the Treaty of Perpetual peace form?
A marriage alliance between Henry’s daughter Margaret and James IV - they married in 1504.
Major long-term success for Henry VII
Relationships with HRE
Who was Margaret of Burgundy ; why was she a problem for Henry?
Died 1503
Leading Yorkist and sister of Richard III ; ruled Burgundy after the death of Charles the Bold - HATED Henry.
Recognised both Simnel and Warbeck as her nephew / hiers to the throne, gave simnel 2000 troops.
Long-term problem
Relationship with HRE
When did Henry impose a trade embargo on Burgundy?
What were its reprecussions?
1493
Sacrificed economic trade for security.
Short-term failure economic. Long-term success security.
Relationship with HRE
When did the Trade Embargo end, what treaty allowed this?
1496 - Magnus Intercursus, allowed English merchants to export to any part of the Dukedom of Burgundy apart from Flanders ; successful and development in Trade.
Long-term success
Relationship with HRE
Why did Henry back Philip in the bid for Castille?
Wanted to trade with Burgundy
Relationship with HRE
When was the Treaty of Windsor?
1505
Relationship with HRE
Why did the Treaty of Windsor come about - what did it say?
Freak storm led to Philip of Burgundy being stranded in England (en route to Castille) - Treaty of Windsor agreed which :
* developed trade
* Edmund De La Pole returned to Henry
* Henry recognised Philip as ruler of Castille and agreed to marry his sister, Margaret of Savoy (collapsed after Philip’s death in 1506).
* Intercursus Malus imposed but not enforced.
Short-term success - Henry humiliated and no marriage alliance
Relationship with HRE
What happened after Philip of Burgundy’s death?
Maximillian united with France and married Louis XII’s niece. Ferdinand took Castille.
Major failure
