AS FP1 : Relationships with Foreign Powers

Question 1

Conceptual Awareness

What were Henry’s aims for Foreign Policy?

Answer 1

1. Secure his throne
2. International Recognition
3. Dynasty’s legitimate succession
4. Promote prosperity
5. Maintain Prestige but keep costs down

Question 2

Relationship with Brittany and France

What and when was the Breton Crisis?

Answer 2

1487
France wanted to end Brittany’s independence, however England had loyalties to both France and Brittany.

Question 3

Relationships with Brittany and France

What was Henry’s major concern about France invading Brittany?

Answer 3

If France defeated Brittany they would have greater control over their northern coast - therefore threatening both England’s southern coast and England’s stakehold in Europe - Calais.

Question 4

Relationships with Brittany and France

What was Henry’s obligation to both France and Brittany?

Answer 4

Obligation to Brittany due to Treaty of Redon ; but also France as they helped him at the Battle of Bosworth ; both nations helped him during Exile.

Question 5

Relationships with Brittany and France

What domestic problem was created by the Breton Crisis?

Answer 5

The Yorkshire Rebellion (1489)

Question 6

Relationships with Brittany and France

How was Henry’s diplomacy during the Breton crisis a success?

Answer 6

• Henry predicted that France would be too preoccupied with Italy to start a war with England
• Henry invaded at the end of the campaigning season causing France to seek a quick peace with England

Question 7

Relationships with Brittany and France

When was the Treaty of Étaples signed?

Answer 7

1492

Question 8

Relationships with Brittany and France

What were the terms of the Treaty of Étaples - who was expelled as a result?

Answer 8

• Charles agreed to withdraw his support for Warbeck and pay a pension to Henry to compensate him for the expense of having recruited an army for invasion
• Annual French pension of £5000 per annum (the French Pension)

Question 9

Relationships with Brittany and France

What league did Henry join but refuse to attack France with - what aims did this fulfil?

Answer 9

1495 - League of Venice ; Henry joined in 1496. By refusing to attack Henry gained international recognition and maintained prestige without having to spend money on a war.

Question 10

Relationships with France, Spain and HRE

What happened in 1508 that diplomatically isolated Henry - how did this happen?

Answer 10

1508 - League of Cambrai,
Henry wanted to unite with France and the Netherlands, however Spain and France made an alliance away from England and united with the Pope and HRE - England left diplomatically isolated.

Question 11

Relationship with Spain

When was the Treaty of Medina Del Campo?

Answer 11

1489

Question 12

Relationship with Spain

What were the complications of Medina Del Campo?

Answer 12

• Perkin Warbeck threatened England’s security which made Ferdinand apprehensive;
• The 2 monarchs were unable to agree on the size of Catherine’s dowry.

Question 13

Relationship with Spain

What were the terms of Medina Del Campo?

Answer 13

• 2 monarchies would support eachother in the event of an attack ;
• neither country would harbour rebels or pretenders to the throne ;
• neither country would make agreements with France without consulting the other first ;
• Arthur and Catherine of Aragon would marry.

Question 14

Relationships with Spain

When was the marriage between Catherine and Arthur?

Answer 14

1501

Question 15

Relationships with Spain

When was the death of Arthur ; what problems did this cause?

Answer 15

1502, relationships deteriorated between Spain and England.

Question 16

Relationships with Spain

Why did Henry begin to ‘ignore’ Spain after 1502?

Answer 16

• Ferdinand had little enthusiasm for the marriage between Henry VIII and Catherine as it required a papal dispensation
• Ferdinand became less powerful / relevant after the death of Isabella of Castille
• Proposed marriage between Henry VII and Philip of Burgundy’s sister - Margaret - worsened relationships with Spain who turned to France, strengthening relationships.

Question 17

Relationships with Spain

What happened in 1506 that was bad for Henry?

Answer 17

Philip of Burgundy dies, making Ferdinand king of Castille - regaining his relevance - he assures that Henry + Catherine never marry in Henry’s lifetime.
- Major failure for Henry, diplomatically isolating him and making the succession less secure.

Question 18

Relationships with Scotland

Conceptual Awareness : What was Scotland known as, who did it have an alliance with?

Answer 18

The “thorn in England’s side”, the Auld Alliance between Scotland and France was a major problem for Henry.

Question 19

Relationships with Scotland

What was the relationship between England and Scotland like at the START of Henry’s reign?

Answer 19

Henry arranged a 3-year-truce with James III in 1486

Question 20

Relationship wtih Scotland

When did James III die?

Answer 20

1488

Question 21

Relationships with Scotland

Who succeeded James III - why was this a problem for Henry?

Answer 21

James IV, extremely anti-english, he harboured Perkin Warbeck in 1496.

Question 22

Relationship with Scotland

What did the Cornish rebellion show England and Scotland?

Answer 22

That an Anglo-Scottish war would be impossible - pushing them to a truce.

Question 23

Relationship with Scotland

When was the Truce of Ayton?

Answer 23

1497

Question 24

Relationship with Scotland

What did the Truce of Ayton become?

Answer 24

The Treaty of Perpetual Peace 1502

Question 25

Relationship with Scotland

What did the Treaty of Perpetual peace form?

Answer 25

A marriage alliance between Henry’s daughter Margaret and James IV - they married in 1504.

Question 26

Relationships with HRE

Who was Margaret of Burgundy ; why was she a problem for Henry?

Answer 26

Died 1503
Leading Yorkist and sister of Richard III ; ruled Burgundy after the death of Charles the Bold - HATED Henry.

Recognised both Simnel and Warbeck as her nephew / hiers to the throne, gave simnel 2000 troops.

Question 27

Relationship with HRE

When did Henry impose a trade embargo on Burgundy?

Answer 27

1493

Question 28

Relationship with HRE

When did the Trade Embargo end, what treaty allowed this?

Answer 28

1496 - Magnus Intercursus, allowed English merchants to export to any part of the Dukedom of Burgundy apart from Flanders ; successful and development in Trade.

Question 29

Relationship with HRE

Why did Henry back Philip in the bid for Castille?

Answer 29

Wanted to trade with Burgundy

Question 30

Relationship with HRE

When was the Treaty of Windsor?

Answer 30

1505

Question 31

Relationship with HRE

Why did the Treaty of Windsor come about - what did it say?

Answer 31

Freak storm led to Philip of Burgundy being stranded in England (en route to Castille) - Treaty of Windsor agreed which :
* developed trade
* Edmund De La Pole returned to Henry
* Henry recognised Philip as ruler of Castille and agreed to marry his sister, Margaret of Savoy (collapsed after Philip’s death in 1506).
* Intercursus Malus imposed but not enforced.

Question 32

Relationship with HRE

What happened after Philip of Burgundy’s death?

Answer 32

Maximillian united with France and married Louis XII’s niece. Ferdinand took Castille.