Articular System Flashcards
Connection between two bones
Joint
Allow motion, help bare body’s weight and provide stability, contains synovial fluid which lubricates joints and nourishes the cartilage
Functions of joints
Three main types of joints from least to most mobile
Fibrous joints, cartilaginous joints, and synovial joints
Three types of fibrous joints
Synarthrosis
Gomphosis
Syndesmosis
Two types of Cartilaginous joints
Symphysis
Synchondroses
Four types of synovial joints
Nonaxial, uniaxial, biaxial, triaxial
Thin layer of fibrous periosteum between two bones
Fibrous joints
Ends of bones interlock, no motion occurs, provides strength in shape, example includes sutures in skull
Synarthroses
Ligamentous joint, small amount of motion can occur
Syndesmoses
Tooth and socket, no motion occurs
Gomphoses
Have either hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage between the two bones. Allows small motion but otherwise very stable. Also known as Amphiarthrodial Joints
Cartilaginous joints
Connected by disc of fibrocartilage. Examples include pubic symphesis and intervertebral disks
Symphesis
Joined by hyaline cartilage. Examples include first sternocostal joint
Synchondroses
No direct union between ends of bones, but have fluid filled cavity surrounded by sleeve like capsule. Outer layer of capsule is strong fibrous tissue. Inner layer is lined with membrane that secretes synovial fluid. Articular surface of bone is smooth and covered with hyaline or articular cartilage
Synovial joints (diarthrodial joints)
4 classifications of synovial joints
Nonaxial
Uniaxial
Biaxial
Triaxial
Plane joint. Movement of the joint is linear. Joint surfaces are flat and glide over one another. Movement occurs secondary to other motions. Ex.) intercarpals
Nonaxial joints
Angular motion occurs in one plane around one axis. Two types: hinge and pivot
Uniaxial joint
Only flexion and extension. Examples include IP joints of fingers, elbow, and knee
Hinge
One bone rotated around one/within another. Examples include radioulnar joint, c1/C2v
Pivot joint
Motion occurs into planes around two axes. Two types: condyloid and saddle
Biaxial
Bony surfaces where the concave surface of one bone slides over the convex surface of another. Examples include MCP of fingers, wrist
Condyloid joint
Joint surface of each bird is convex in one direction and concave another direction. Examples include CMC joint of thumb
Saddle joint
Motion occurs in three planes around three axes. Allows more motion than any other joint
Triaxial joint
Hip and shoulder joints
Ball and socket
Amount and direction of motion determined by the shape of bones
Two bones
Bands of fibrous connective tissue. Connect bone to bone. Attachment for cartilage, fascia. Flexible but not elastic, prevent excessive joint motion. Capsular ligament surround a synovial joint
Ligaments
Surrounds and incases the joints. Protects articular surfaces of the bones. Location, size and roll varies based on joint.
Capsule
Fibrous tissue that supports and protects joint. Typically reinforced by ligaments.
Outer layer of Capsule of synovial joint
Lined with synovial membrane. Secretes synovial fluid
Inner layer of capsule of synovial joint
Lubricates joint surface. Reduces friction. Mild shock absorption. Major source of nutrients for articulate cartilage
Synovial fluid
Dense fibrous connective tissue. Can withstand large amounts of pressure and tension. Three basic types are hyaline/articular, fibrocartilage, elastic
Cartilage
Covers the ends of articulating bones. Helps provide smooth surface. Lacks and blood or nerve supply so it must get nutrition from synovial fluid and can’t repair itself
Hyaline cartilage
Shock absorption especially weight-bearing joints. Can fill space and is seen in both synovial and cartilaginous joints.
Fibrocartilage
Examples of fibrocartilage
Meniscus in the knee, intervertebral disks, disc between clavicle and sternum, labrum
Maintains shape and structure. Examples include ears larynx
Elastic cartilage
Connects muscle to bone. Many possible shape. May be encased in tendon sheath which protects tendon from pressure and decreases friction
Tendons
Broad flat tendon
Aponeurosis
Linea Alba in the abdomen
Aponeurosis
Small pad like sacs found around most joint in areas of excessive friction. Reduce friction between moving parts. Lined with a synovial membrane, filled with clear fluid
Bursae
Two types of bursae
Natural and acquired
Fixed lines of reference along which the body is divided. Saggital, frontal, transverse
Planes
When plane passes through the midline
Cardinal plane
Where all planes intersect
Center of gravity
Points that run through the center of a joint. Frontal, saggital, vertical
Axes
Saggital plane runs____, divides body into _______ and movements in plane include _______.
Front to back, right and left, flexion and extension
Frontal plane runs ______, divides body into ______, and movements in place include _______.
Side to side, front and back, abduction and adduction
Transverse plane runs _____, divides body into ______, and movements in plane include _____.
Horizontally, top and bottom, rotation
Saggital plane moves around ____ axes, movements include ________
Frontal, flexion and extension
Frontal plane moves around _____ axes, movements include ______,______,______.
Saggital, abd/add, RD/UD, inversion/eversion
Transverse plane moves around _____ axes, movements include _____,_______,_____,_______.
Vertical; MR/LR, Supination/Pronation, right and left rotation, horizontal ABD/ADD
Complete separation of two articular surfaces of a joint. A portion of the joint capsule will be torn
Dislocation
Partial dislocation of a joint. May occur overtime
Subluxation
Break down and eventual loss of articular cartilage in one or more joint. More frequent with age, only affects hands, feet, spine, hips, knees
Osteoarthritis
Partial or complete tearing of a ligament
Sprain
Partial or complete tearing of muscle
Strain
Inflammation of a tendon
Tendonitis
Inflammation of synovial membrane
Synovitis
Inflammation of the tendon sheath
Tenosynovitis
Inflammation of the bursa
Bursitis
Inflammation of joint capsule. If sustained inflammation, often also gets decreased range of motion
Capsulitis
Characteristic pattern of joint range of motion loss that indicates likely capsular involvement
Capsular pattern
