Articular Skeleton Test Flashcards
Range of motion (ROM) is the specific flexibility or limitation of a joint based on ______ and ________. Injury and disease processes can alter ROM.
Shape/ ligaments
Fixed/ immovable joint
no movement, either completely fused or has small amount fibrous tissue in between.
Fixed/ immovable joint examples
Sutures, teeth
semi-movable joint
Minimal movement, some stretch and bend only.
semi-movable joint examples
Intervertebral disc, synthesis pubis
Synovial joint
fully movable, encased in capsule with synovial fluid inside, hyaline cartilage at ends of bones.
Synovial joint examples
Knee, elbow, hip, etc.
Bursae
sacs filled with synovial fluid that cushion areas between bones and skin, muscles or tendons.
Bursae inflammation name
Bursitis
Types of synovial joints
- Ball-and-socket
- Hinge
- Condyloid
- Saddle
- Pivot
- Gliding
Ball-and-socket
all directions; hip and shoulder
Hinge
one direction; elbow, knee, phalanges
Condyloid
all directions except rotation; ankle, wrist, digits
Saddle
only at thumb metacarpal to carpal joint
Pivot
turn on single axis; head, radius at proximal ulna
Gliding
smooth back and forth motion; vertebrae
Flexion
Decrease the angle between bones.
Extension
Increase the angle between bones.
Hyperextention
Goes past anatomical position.
Hyperextention
Goes past anatomical position.
Abduction
Movement away from midline.
Adduction
Movement towards midline.
Rotation
Circular movement on one axis.
Circumduction
Circular movement creating a “cone” shape, circumscribes circle at distal end.
Supination
(Only wrist/forearm) ulna/radius are parallel
Pronation
(Only wrist/forearm) ulna/radius are crossed.
Eversion
(At ankle/foot only) sole of foot outwards.
Inversion
(At ankle/foot only) sole of foot inwards; “rolling” the ankle.
Protraction
Body part forward, parallel to ground.
Ex. Head, jaw.
Retraction
Body part backward, parallel to ground.
Ex. Head, jaw.
Elevation
(Shoulders only) raising part of body, “shrug”.
Depression
(Shoulders only) lowering part of body.
Plantar flexion
(Ankle/foot only) toes downward, “planting” them.
Dorsiflexion
(Ankle/foot only) toes upwards.
Rheumatoid arthritis age of onset
Late teens/early 20s
Rheumatoid arthritis cause
Autoimmune destruction of joint.
Rheumatoid arthritis treatment
- Immunosuppressants
- anti-inflammatory/pain meds.
Osteoarthritis age of onset
60+
Osteoarthritis cause
Damage/wear and tear on joint.
Osteoarthritis treatment
Anti-inflammatory and pain meds.
Gout age of onset
30s and 40s
Gout cause
Accumulation of uric acid in the joint.
Gout treatment
Diet and meds.
Description of herniated disc
Cause: Improper lifting or degeneration can lead to disc herniation.
Appearance: A bulging disc pressing on nearby nerves in imaging studies.
Treatment: Physical therapy and, in severe cases, surgery.
Describe arthroscopic surgery
Arthroscopic surgery is a minimally invasive procedure using a small camera
(arthroscope) and specialized tools to diagnose and treat joint issues. It involves small incisions, resulting in less pain, faster recovery, and minimal scarring.
