Article Synopses Flashcards
Adult Intelligence: The Construct and the Criterion Problem (Ackerman, 2017)
there are insufficient criterion measures for adult intelligence. Moreover, researchers have shifted from treating intelligence tests as predictors to treating them as criterion measures; This article explores how the field has come to the current situation, and what remedies might be explored.
Large Cross-National Differences in Gene × Socioeconomic Status Interaction on Intelligence (Tucker-Drob & Bates, 2016)
performed a meta-analysis of tests of Gene × SES interaction on intelligence and academic-achievement test scores; we found clear support for moderately sized Gene × SES effects
The Paradox of Intelligence: Heritability and Malleability Coexist in Hidden Gene-Environment Interplay (Sauce & Matzel, 2018)
Intelligence can have an extremely high heritability, but also be malleable; a paradox that has been the source of continuous controversy. Here we attempt to clarify the issue, and advance a frequently overlooked solution to the paradox: Intelligence is a trait with unusual properties that create a large reservoir of hidden gene– environment (GE) networks, allowing for the contribution of high genetic and environmental influences on individual differences in IQ
Factor invariance between genders on the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children–Fifth Edition (Chen et al., 2015)
This study investigated the factorial invariance of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Fifth Edition (WISC-V) between samples of male and female children; The results demonstrated full factorial invariance between genders
Survey of expert opinion on intelligence: The FLynn effect and the future of intelligence (Rindermann et al., 2017)
Experts on intelligence, cognitive ability and student achievement were surveyed for their opinions on the causes of the 20th century rise in intelligence test results called the “FLynn effect”, on the causes of a possible end of the FLynn effect and on the future development of IQ in different world regions; Ratings from N = 75 experts attributed the secular IQ rise to better health and nutrition, more and better education and rising standards of living. Genetic changes were seen as not important. A possible stagnation or retrograde of the FLynn effect was attributed to asymmetric fertility (genetic and socialization effects), migration, declines in education and the influence
of media. Experts expected 21st century IQ increases in currently on average low-ability regions (+6 to +7 IQ
points, in Latin America, Africa, India) and in East Asia (+7 IQ), but not in the West (a stagnation, below +1
IQ), with a small decline in the US (−0.45 IQ). Similar results were obtained for all experts and experts on the FLynn effect itself (mean r = 0.90 to 0.97; N = 17)
The Flynn Effect: A Quantitative Commentary on Modernity and Human Intelligence (Clark et al., 2016)
The central thesis of this paper is that the Flynn effect does not represent genuine increases in general intelligence but rather an increasing aptitude for the types of modern thinking that modern life requires and that IQ tests measure
One Century of Global IQ Gains: A Formal Meta-Analysis of the Flynn Effect (1909–2013) (Pietschnig & Voracek, 2015)
This first formal meta-analysis on the topic revealed worldwide IQ gains across more than one century (1909–2013); Key findings include that IQ
gains vary according to domain (estimated 0.41, 0.30, 0.28, and 0.21 IQ points annually for fluid, spatial, full-scale, and crystallized IQ test performance, respectively), are stronger for adults than children, and have decreased in more recent decades; Factors associated with life history speed seem mainly responsible for the Flynn effect’s general trajectory, whereas favorable social multiplier effects and effects related to economic prosperity appear to be responsible for observed differences of the Flynn effect across intelligence domains.
