Article 3.2 Schwartz (2012)

Question 1

Value Theory (Schwartz) - 6 main features

Answer 1

1. Values are linked to emotions
2. Values motivate actions
3. Values trenscend specific actions and situations
4. Values guide evaluation and decision
5. Values are prioritized
6. Values influence behavior through trade-offs

Question 2

1. Self-direction

Answer 2

To think and act independently

Question 3

2. Stimulation

Answer 3

Seeking excitement, novelty and challenges in life

Question 4

Hedonism

Answer 4

Pleasure and enjoyment of life for oneself

Question 5

Achievement

Answer 5

Success by demonstrating competence according to social standards

Question 6

Power

Answer 6

Gaining social status and control over others and resources

Question 7

Security

Answer 7

Safety and stability for oneself and society

Question 8

Conformity

Answer 8

Restraining actions that might upset or harm others

Question 9

Tradition

Answer 9

Respecting and following customs and beliefs of one’s culture or religion

Question 10

Benevolence

Answer 10

Helping others and enhancing their well-being

Question 11

Universalism

Answer 11

Promoting understanding, tolerance and protection for people and nature

Question 12

The structure of value relations

Answer 12

Actions in pursuit of any value have consequences that conflict with some values but are congruent with others
Ex: pursuing both power and achievement is compatible

Question 13

Openness to change - conservation

Answer 13

Conflict between these two values emphasize independence of thought, action and feelings and readiness for change and values that emphasize order, self-restriction, preservation and resistance to change

Question 14

Self-enhancement - self-transcedence

Answer 14

Conflict between values emphasizing concern for the welfare and interests of others and values that emphasize the pursuit of one’s own interests and relative success

Question 15

Which elements does hedonism share?

Answer 15

Openness to change and self-enhancement

Question 16

Motivational continuum

Answer 16

The closer 2 values are, the more similar their underlying motivations.
Ex: Achievement and hedonism - self-centered satisfaction.

Question 17

Top values

Answer 17

Expressing personal interests and traits

Question 18

Bottom values

Answer 18

How we consider the needs of others

Question 19

Left-side values

Answer 19

Self-protective values
Serve to cope with anxiety due to uncertainty in the world
People seek to avoid conflict (conformity) and to maintain current order (tradition) and control threat (power)

Question 20

Values on the right

Answer 20

Express anxiety-free motivations
Hedonism, universalism, benevolence

Question 21

Two mechanisms of values

Answer 21

1. Values serve as internalized guides for individuals
2. People invoke values to define particular behaviors as socially appropriate

Question 22

Cooperation and support in groups

Answer 22

People need to work well together and support each other

Question 23

Productive work and problem-solving

Answer 23

People need to be motivated to do productive work, solve problems and come up with new ideas or solutions

Question 24

Satisfying personal needs without hurting the group

Answer 24

Balancing personal desires with the needs of the group is key to social harmony