Article 3.2 Schwartz (2012) Flashcards
Value Theory (Schwartz) - 6 main features
- Values are linked to emotions
- Values motivate actions
- Values are universal
- Values guide evaluation and decision
- Values are prioritized
- The relative importance of values guides action
Self-direction
To think and act independently
Stimulation
Seeking excitement, novelty and challenges in life
Hedonism
Pleasure and enjoyment of life for oneself
Achievement
Success by demonstrating competence according to social standards
Power
Gaining social status and control over others and resources
Security
Safety and stability for oneself and society
Conformity
Restraining actions that might upset or harm others
Tradition
Respecting and following customs and beliefs of one’s culture or religion
Benevolence
Helping others and enhancing their well-being
Universalism
Promoting understanding, tolerance and protection for people and nature
The structure of value relations
Actions in pursuit of any value have consequences that conflict with some values but are congruent with others
Ex: pursuing both power and achievement is compatible
Openness to change - conservation
Conflict between these two values emphasize independence of thought, action and feelings and readiness for change and values that emphasize order, self-restriction, preservation and resistance to change
Self-enhancement - self-transcedence
Conflict between values emphasizing concern for the welfare and interests of others and values that emphasize the pursuit of one’s own interests and relative success
Which elements does hedonism share?
Openness to change and self-enhancement
Motivational continuum
The closer 2 values are, the more similar their underlying motivations.
Ex: Achievement and hedonism - self-centered satisfaction.
Top values
Expressing personal interests and traits
Bottom values
How we consider the needs of others
Left-side values
Self-protective values
Serve to cope with anxiety due to uncertainty in the world
People seek to avoid conflict (conformity) and to maintain current order (tradition) and control threat (power)
Values on the right
Express anxiety-free motivations
Hedonism, universalism, benevolence
Two mechanisms of values
- Values serve as internalized guides for individuals
- People invoke values to define particular behaviors as socially appropriate
Three demands of human nature and requirements of societal functioning
- Cooperation and support in groups
People need to work well together and support each other
Three demands of human nature and requirements of societal functioning
- Productive work and problem-solving
People need to be motivated to do productive work, solve problems and come up with new ideas or solutions
Three demands of human nature and requirements of societal functioning
- Satisfying personal needs without hurting the group
Balancing personal desires with the needs of the group is key to social harmony
