Arthropods Flashcards

1
Q

what are the subphyla of the phylum arthropoda

A

1) crustacea
2) hexapoda
3) myriapoda
4) cheliceriformes

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2
Q

what percentage of all animals are arthropods

A

75%-80%

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3
Q

outline some characteristics of arthropods in regards to their body plan

A

1) bilaterally symmertric
2) each body segment has a pair of segmented, ventrally attached appendages
3) head has compound eyes
4) cuticle exoskeleton of plates

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4
Q

what are sclerites

A

plates which make up the exoskeleton made up from a cuticle

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5
Q

how do arthropoda differ from annelids

A
  • no hydrostatic skeleton
  • no repeating organs in each segment
  • no cilia
  • usually seperate sexes
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6
Q

what is arthropodization

A

organisms which are taxomically joined together by a single body plan

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7
Q

what are the consequences sclerotisation

A

aka tanning which hardens the arthropods cuticle
- protection
- allow movement
- restricts growth
- restricts respiration and excretion

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8
Q

outline the components of each body segment

A

1) large dorsal sclerite = tergite
2) large ventral sclerite = sternite
3) side regions are unsclerotised= pleura

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9
Q

what is the cuticle divided into in arthropods

A

1) epicuticle
2) procuticle
- exocuticle and endocuticle

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10
Q

what odes the cement and waxy layer of the cuticle allow

A

cement= lipoprotein protects against bacteria
waxy = prevents water loss

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11
Q

what are articular membranes

A

articulation points joining sclerites which are thin and flexible cuticle allowing movement

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12
Q

what are projections of sclerites called

A

apodemes

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13
Q

what are condyles

A

points of contact or bearing surfaces between sclerites called condyles which help to take the weight away from muscles

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14
Q

what hormone controlls the growth of arthropods

A

ecdysone

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15
Q

outline the process of moulting

A

-enzymes digest the old endo cuticle
-the epidermis secretes new, soft cuticle beneath existing exoskeleton
- old cuticle splits along predetermined lines
- takes in water and body swells enlarging new cuticle
- new cuticle hardens by sclerotisation

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16
Q

what are the dangers of moulting

A
  • sometimes hard to withdraw from old cuticle
  • prone to predation before new cuticle hardens
17
Q

what are the two methods of excreting waste in arthropods

A

1) nephridia = takes waster from coelom and excrete via special glands
2) malphigian tubes= attached to the stomach and lie inside the body cavity

18
Q

what is an ocelli

A

the simplest type of eye which is composed of a single lens and has no retina

19
Q

outline the characteristics of crustacea subphylum

A
  • 70,000 species
  • 3 tagmata = head, thorax and abdomen
  • 5 pairs of cephalic appendanges
20
Q

what is a malostraca

A

a class from the subphylum crustacea with a basic body plan consisting off 5-8-6 body segments split into 3 subclasses
1) phyllocarida
2) hoplocardia
3) eumalostraca

21
Q

what are the three superorders from the subclass eumalostraca

A

1) syncarida
2) eucarida
3) peracardia

22
Q

outline the characteristics of the superorder eucarida from the subclass eumalostraca

A
  • suspension feeders which form huge swarms
  • major food source for whales, squid fish and birds
    -external gills
23
Q

outline the characteristics of the superorder decapoda from the subclass eumalostraca

A
  • well developed carapace
  • 3 pairs of maxilipeds used in feeding
  • 5 pairs of peraeopods with one pair usually clawed
24
Q

what are the 4 infraorders of the suborder reptantia from the subclass eumalostraca

A

1) astacidae-
2) plainura- crawfish and spiny lobsters
3) anomura- 5th leg reduced on turned inwards
4) brachyura- true crabs

25
outline characteristics of the subphylum myriapoda
11,500 species - terrestrial athropods with 2 tagmata, cephalon and segmented trunk - exoskeleton rarley has a wax layer - gas exchange by tracheae and spiracles
26
what are the two minor classes from the subphylum myriapoda
1) symphala- live in soil and lead mould similar to centipeded 2) pauropoda - microscopic inhabiting leaf mould and soil similar to milipedes
27
what are the two main classes of the subphylum myriapoda
chilopoda = centipedes diplopoda = millipedes
28
outline the characteristics of chilopoda/centipedes
- numerous segmented unfused trunk sgements each with one pair of leggs - first pair modified as clawed containing venom -
29
outline locomotion in centipedes
legs either side of the body are out of phase so as speed increases fewer legs on the ground which increase speed but gives weak forward motion
30
outline the characteristics of diplopoda/millipedes
trunk segments fused into pairs each baring 2 pairs of legs lack claws or venom glands
31
outline locomotion in millipedes
legs positioned ventrally with body close to ground legs in phase and majority in contact with ground producing slow but powerful forward movement