arthrology Flashcards
what term is used to identify the study of ligaments?
syndesmology
what are the three histological classifications of joints?
fibrous, cartilaginous and synovial fluid
the ligamentous sacro-iliac joints (or most of the ligamentous joints of the vertebral column) are examples of which joint classification?
syndesmosis
what are examples of a permanent (amphiarthrosis) synchondrosis?
costochondral joints or the first sternochondral joint
what are the characteristics of a (amphiarthrosis) symphysis?
limited motion, median plane location, support ligaments both anterior and posterior to the joint, more permanent in longevity than synchondrosis and they occur between bones developing by endochondral ossification
which example of a (amphiarthrosis) symphysis is temporary?
symphysis menti
what are the four consistent features of synovial (diarthrosis) joints?
articular or fibrous capsule, synovial membrane, articular cartilage and synovial fluid
what are the characteristics of the type I articular receptors?
located in the superficial layer of the fibrous capsule, resemble Ruffini endings, most numerous in cervical zygapophyses and they monitor the joint “at rest”
what are the characteristics of type II articular receptors?
located in deeper strata of the fibrous capsule, resemble Pacinian corpuscles, most numerous in the cervical spine and monitor the joint during normal range of motion
what are the characteristics of type III articular receptors?
present in collateral and intrinsic ligaments, resemble Golgi tendon organs, not initially observed along the vertebral column and monitor extreme joint motion
what is the function of type IV articular receptors?
nociceptive, they monitor pain
type IVb articular receptors would be present in what locations?
accessory ligaments in general, dense in the posterior longitudinal ligament of the spine
what are the three modifications of articular synovial membrane?
(1) synovial villi (2) articular fat pads or Haversian glands (3) synovial menisci and intra-articular discs
articular fat pads are most numerous in what location along the vertebral column?
lumbar zygapophyses
intra-articular discs are a feature of what joints examples?
temporomandibular, sternoclavicular, acromioclavicular and radio-ulnar joints
synovial menisci are a feature of what joint example?
femur-tibia articulation, cervical zygapophyses and lumbar zygapophyses
what are the specific functions of type A synovial cells?
phagocytic
what is the specific function of type B synovial cells?
secrete proteinaceous substances and hyaluronic acid
which collagen fiber type predominates in articular cartilage?
type II
what is the primary function of bound glycosaminoglycans in articular cartilage?
form a network for water retention
what is implied when cartilage is said to have elastic properties?
cartilage can deform and returns to original volume rapidly, a time independent property
what is implied when cartilage is said to have viscoelastic properties?
cartilage can deform but returns to original volume slowly, a time dependent property
which theory of joint lubrication implies a loss of fluid from the cartilage into the joint space during compression results in increased viscosity of the synovial fluid?
weeping theory
which theory of joint lubrication implies water loss from the synovial fluid increases viscosity of the remaining synovial fluid?
boosted theory
which theory of joint lubrication implies an adsorption of lubricant onto cartilage surfaces is responsible for the low-friction observed during movement?
boundary theory
what are the properties of synovial fluid?
it is yellow-white, viscous, slightly alkaline and tastes salty
which substance in synovial fluid was first thought to be responsible for its viscosity and lubricating behavior?
hyaluronate
what substances of synovial fluid has been proposed to be responsible for its viscosity and lubricating behavior?
lubricin
what is a complex synovial joint (diarthrosis)?
within the simple joint or the compound joint, the articulating surfaces are separated by an articular disc (intra-articular disc) or meniscus
what morphological classification of synovial joints is classified as nonaxial?
plane (diarthrosis arthrodial)
what morphological classifications of synovial joints would be classified as uniaxial?
hinge (diarthrosis ginglymus) and pivot (diarthrosis trochoid)
what morphological classifications of synovial joints would be classified as biaxial?
(diarthrosis) bicondylar, (diarthrosis) condylar, (diarthrosis) ellipsoidal and saddle (diarthrosis sellar)
what morphological classification of synovial joints would be classified as multiaxial?
ball and socket (diarthrosis enarthrosis), (diarthrosis spheroidal), (diarthrosis cotyloid) are all classifications given to the same type of joint
what are the examples of synovial pivot (diarthrosis trochoid) joints?
median atlanto-axial joint and proximal radio-ulnar joint
what are examples of diarthrosis condylar or diarthrosis bicondylar joints?
temporomandibular joints and femur-tibia joint of the knee
what are examples of diarthrosis ellipsoidal joints?
radiocarpal joint of the wrist, metacarpo-phalangeal joints of the hand, metatarsal-phalangeal joints of the foot and the atlanto-occipital joint of the vertebral column
what are examples of synovial saddle (diarthrosis sellar) joints?
carpometacarpal joint of the thumb, talocrural joint of the ankle and the calcaneocuboid joint of the foot
what are examples of diarthrosis cotyloid joints?
femur-acetabulum of the innominate articulation at the hip and the humerus - glenoid cavity of the scapula articulation at the shoulder
