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SPINAL EXAM 1 > arthrology > Flashcards

arthrology Flashcards

1
Q

what term is used to identify the study of ligaments?

A

syndesmology

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2
Q

what are the three histological classifications of joints?

A

fibrous, cartilaginous and synovial fluid

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3
Q

the ligamentous sacro-iliac joints (or most of the ligamentous joints of the vertebral column) are examples of which joint classification?

A

syndesmosis

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4
Q

what are examples of a permanent (amphiarthrosis) synchondrosis?

A

costochondral joints or the first sternochondral joint

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5
Q

what are the characteristics of a (amphiarthrosis) symphysis?

A

limited motion, median plane location, support ligaments both anterior and posterior to the joint, more permanent in longevity than synchondrosis and they occur between bones developing by endochondral ossification

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6
Q

which example of a (amphiarthrosis) symphysis is temporary?

A

symphysis menti

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7
Q

what are the four consistent features of synovial (diarthrosis) joints?

A

articular or fibrous capsule, synovial membrane, articular cartilage and synovial fluid

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8
Q

what are the characteristics of the type I articular receptors?

A

located in the superficial layer of the fibrous capsule, resemble Ruffini endings, most numerous in cervical zygapophyses and they monitor the joint “at rest”

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9
Q

what are the characteristics of type II articular receptors?

A

located in deeper strata of the fibrous capsule, resemble Pacinian corpuscles, most numerous in the cervical spine and monitor the joint during normal range of motion

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10
Q

what are the characteristics of type III articular receptors?

A

present in collateral and intrinsic ligaments, resemble Golgi tendon organs, not initially observed along the vertebral column and monitor extreme joint motion

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11
Q

what is the function of type IV articular receptors?

A

nociceptive, they monitor pain

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12
Q

type IVb articular receptors would be present in what locations?

A

accessory ligaments in general, dense in the posterior longitudinal ligament of the spine

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13
Q

what are the three modifications of articular synovial membrane?

A

(1) synovial villi (2) articular fat pads or Haversian glands (3) synovial menisci and intra-articular discs

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14
Q

articular fat pads are most numerous in what location along the vertebral column?

A

lumbar zygapophyses

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15
Q

intra-articular discs are a feature of what joints examples?

A

temporomandibular, sternoclavicular, acromioclavicular and radio-ulnar joints

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16
Q

synovial menisci are a feature of what joint example?

A

femur-tibia articulation, cervical zygapophyses and lumbar zygapophyses

17
Q

what are the specific functions of type A synovial cells?

A

phagocytic

18
Q

what is the specific function of type B synovial cells?

A

secrete proteinaceous substances and hyaluronic acid

19
Q

which collagen fiber type predominates in articular cartilage?

A

type II

20
Q

what is the primary function of bound glycosaminoglycans in articular cartilage?

A

form a network for water retention

21
Q

what is implied when cartilage is said to have elastic properties?

A

cartilage can deform and returns to original volume rapidly, a time independent property

22
Q

what is implied when cartilage is said to have viscoelastic properties?

A

cartilage can deform but returns to original volume slowly, a time dependent property

23
Q

which theory of joint lubrication implies a loss of fluid from the cartilage into the joint space during compression results in increased viscosity of the synovial fluid?

A

weeping theory

24
Q

which theory of joint lubrication implies water loss from the synovial fluid increases viscosity of the remaining synovial fluid?

A

boosted theory

25
Q

which theory of joint lubrication implies an adsorption of lubricant onto cartilage surfaces is responsible for the low-friction observed during movement?

A

boundary theory

26
Q

what are the properties of synovial fluid?

A

it is yellow-white, viscous, slightly alkaline and tastes salty

27
Q

which substance in synovial fluid was first thought to be responsible for its viscosity and lubricating behavior?

A

hyaluronate

28
Q

what substances of synovial fluid has been proposed to be responsible for its viscosity and lubricating behavior?

A

lubricin

29
Q

what is a complex synovial joint (diarthrosis)?

A

within the simple joint or the compound joint, the articulating surfaces are separated by an articular disc (intra-articular disc) or meniscus

30
Q

what morphological classification of synovial joints is classified as nonaxial?

A

plane (diarthrosis arthrodial)

31
Q

what morphological classifications of synovial joints would be classified as uniaxial?

A

hinge (diarthrosis ginglymus) and pivot (diarthrosis trochoid)

32
Q

what morphological classifications of synovial joints would be classified as biaxial?

A

(diarthrosis) bicondylar, (diarthrosis) condylar, (diarthrosis) ellipsoidal and saddle (diarthrosis sellar)

33
Q

what morphological classification of synovial joints would be classified as multiaxial?

A

ball and socket (diarthrosis enarthrosis), (diarthrosis spheroidal), (diarthrosis cotyloid) are all classifications given to the same type of joint

34
Q

what are the examples of synovial pivot (diarthrosis trochoid) joints?

A

median atlanto-axial joint and proximal radio-ulnar joint

35
Q

what are examples of diarthrosis condylar or diarthrosis bicondylar joints?

A

temporomandibular joints and femur-tibia joint of the knee

36
Q

what are examples of diarthrosis ellipsoidal joints?

A

radiocarpal joint of the wrist, metacarpo-phalangeal joints of the hand, metatarsal-phalangeal joints of the foot and the atlanto-occipital joint of the vertebral column

37
Q

what are examples of synovial saddle (diarthrosis sellar) joints?

A

carpometacarpal joint of the thumb, talocrural joint of the ankle and the calcaneocuboid joint of the foot

38
Q

what are examples of diarthrosis cotyloid joints?

A

femur-acetabulum of the innominate articulation at the hip and the humerus - glenoid cavity of the scapula articulation at the shoulder

SPINAL EXAM 1 (13 decks)

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