Arteriosclerosis, Arterolosclerosis, Atherosclerosis II Flashcards
Where do all events of atherosclerosis occur?
In the intima
Endothelium usually intact
The fibrous cap is made of
Modified SMC and Dense Connective Tissue (Collagen)
The combination of ______ and _______ results in raised white to yellow lesions
Fibrosis
Calcification
Yellow centers with lipid and necrotic debris are labeled as…
gumatous
atherosclerosis necrotic centers consist of…
Foam Cells, Lipid, and debris
What are shoulders?
Collections of activated macrophages, lymphocytes, and proliferating SMCs
Endothelial cell proliferation results in…
Angiogenesis
Fatty streaks contain…
Foam cells
Proteoglycans, Extracelluar Lipid, T cells
From fatty streaks, further progression will lead to…
Progressive Calcification
Fissuring of the endothelium, thrombus formation
Rupture of plaque with embolization of contents
What major organ does atherosclerosis tend to avoid?
Renal and Mesenteric Arteries
Can hit the ostia of arteries/thrombi/embolism
Pathology of progressive lesions
Eccentric narrowing of lumen
Destruction/Weakening of the arterial wall (aneurysms)
Thrombus Formation
Intermittent ischemia of the lower extremities is called…
claudication
Characterized by muscle cramping
Compromise of coronary circulation leads to…
Angina
Mechanisms of atherosclerosis prevention?
Control hypertension Smoking cessation Weight reduction, exercise LDL/Cholesterol reduction Prevent thrombosis
Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) claim to fame
Most frequent Mendelian disorder
Familial hypercholesterolemia common symptoms
Tendinous/Skin xanthomas, premature atherosclerosis
Familial hypercholesterolemia results from…
mutation of high-affinity LDL receptors in cell populations
homos have no receptors, no LDL clearance, no cholesterol feedback
How does the LDL receptor mutation of Familial hypercholesterolemia lead to atherosclerosis?
Increase LDL in the blood leads to increased oxidation of LDL + mononuclear cell scavenging.
How to treat Familial hypercholesterolemia?
Drugs to suppress intracellular cholesterol synthesis and increase levels of LDL expression
Relationship of Familial hypercholesterolemia and the kidney?
Can lead to nephrotic syndrome due to the loss of important apoproteins
What other weird disease is Familial hypercholesterolemia associated with?
Hypothyroidism
Desired cholesterol level. Total cholesterol
Under 200 mg/dL
Desired cholesterol level. LDL
Less than 100 mg/dL
Desired cholesterol level. HDL.
60 mg/dL or above
Desired cholesterol level. Triglycerides
Less than 150 mg/dL
How do statins work?
Inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase
plurve
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