Arteriosclerosis, Arterolosclerosis, Atherosclerosis II

Question 1

Where do all events of atherosclerosis occur?

Answer 1

In the intima

Endothelium usually intact

Question 2

The fibrous cap is made of

Answer 2

Modified SMC and Dense Connective Tissue (Collagen)

Question 3

The combination of ______ and _______ results in raised white to yellow lesions

Answer 3

Fibrosis

Calcification

Question 4

Yellow centers with lipid and necrotic debris are labeled as…

Answer 4

gumatous

Question 5

atherosclerosis necrotic centers consist of…

Answer 5

Foam Cells, Lipid, and debris

Question 6

What are shoulders?

Answer 6

Collections of activated macrophages, lymphocytes, and proliferating SMCs

Question 7

Endothelial cell proliferation results in…

Answer 7

Angiogenesis

Question 8

Fatty streaks contain…

Answer 8

Foam cells

Proteoglycans, Extracelluar Lipid, T cells

Question 9

From fatty streaks, further progression will lead to…

Answer 9

Progressive Calcification
Fissuring of the endothelium, thrombus formation
Rupture of plaque with embolization of contents

Question 10

What major organ does atherosclerosis tend to avoid?

Answer 10

Renal and Mesenteric Arteries

Can hit the ostia of arteries/thrombi/embolism

Question 11

Pathology of progressive lesions

Answer 11

Eccentric narrowing of lumen
Destruction/Weakening of the arterial wall (aneurysms)
Thrombus Formation

Question 12

Intermittent ischemia of the lower extremities is called…

Answer 12

claudication

Characterized by muscle cramping

Question 13

Compromise of coronary circulation leads to…

Answer 13

Angina

Question 14

Mechanisms of atherosclerosis prevention?

Answer 14

Control hypertension
Smoking cessation
Weight reduction, exercise
LDL/Cholesterol reduction
Prevent thrombosis

Question 15

Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) claim to fame

Answer 15

Most frequent Mendelian disorder

Question 16

Familial hypercholesterolemia common symptoms

Answer 16

Tendinous/Skin xanthomas, premature atherosclerosis

Question 17

Familial hypercholesterolemia results from…

Answer 17

mutation of high-affinity LDL receptors in cell populations

homos have no receptors, no LDL clearance, no cholesterol feedback

Question 18

How does the LDL receptor mutation of Familial hypercholesterolemia lead to atherosclerosis?

Answer 18

Increase LDL in the blood leads to increased oxidation of LDL + mononuclear cell scavenging.

Question 19

How to treat Familial hypercholesterolemia?

Answer 19

Drugs to suppress intracellular cholesterol synthesis and increase levels of LDL expression

Question 20

Relationship of Familial hypercholesterolemia and the kidney?

Answer 20

Can lead to nephrotic syndrome due to the loss of important apoproteins

Question 21

What other weird disease is Familial hypercholesterolemia associated with?

Answer 21

Hypothyroidism

Question 22

Desired cholesterol level. Total cholesterol

Answer 22

Under 200 mg/dL

Question 23

Desired cholesterol level. LDL

Answer 23

Less than 100 mg/dL

Question 24

Desired cholesterol level. HDL.

Answer 24

60 mg/dL or above

Question 25

Desired cholesterol level. Triglycerides

Answer 25

Less than 150 mg/dL

Question 26

How do statins work?

Answer 26

Inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase

Question 27

plurve

Answer 27

x2