Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pathology -- Cardiology > Arteriosclerosis, Arterolosclerosis, Atherosclerosis I > Flashcards

Arteriosclerosis, Arterolosclerosis, Atherosclerosis I Flashcards

1
Q

What is arteriosclerosis?

A

Hardening of the arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is atherosclerosis?

A

Basic lesion is atheroma

Disease of large elastic arteries and large/medium muscular arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Prime targets of atherosclerosis?

A

Aorta, Coronaries, Cerebral Arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is arteriolosclerosis?

A

Affects mainly arterioles
Associated with chronic hypertension (response to HTN)
Narrowing of lumen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Two forms of arteriolosclerosis?

A

Hyaline and Hyperplastic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Clinical consequences of arteriosclerosis

A

Narrowing/Decreased Blood Flow
Weakening/Aneurysm
Thrombosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Arteriosclerosis/arteriolosclerosis can lead to pulmonary hypertension. What does that do.

A

Pressure diff of at least 15.
Hyperplasia of art., lumen narrows and vessel loses flexibility.
Eventual Right Heat failure, Pulmonary fibrosis, and possible atherosclerosis of pulmonary vessels.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Who gets hyaline arteriolosclerosis?

A

Elderly patients, diabetes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Hyaline arteriolosclerosis causes what to happen

A

Leakage of plasma contents, increased extracellular matrix in smooth muscle layers.
Looks homologous, pink deposits
Seen in kidney as benign nephrosclerosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Signs of hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis

A 
More acute/severe elevations of BP
Characteristic of malignant hypertension
Onionskin lesions, concentric laminated thickening of walls
Narrowing of lumen thickened BM
Necrotizing arteriolitis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is atherosclerosis?

A

Progressive disease of the walls of large and medium sized muscular arteries of older adults. Lipid-containing plaques result in narrowing of the vessel lumen, and can also trigger thrombotic/embolic obstruction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Two main features of atherosclerosis?

A
  1. Accumulation of cholesterol as a result of insudation and uptake of oxidized LDL by macrophages and smooth musc.
  2. Substitution of smooth muscle cells for fibroblasts in the healing phase which give rise to a fibrous cap and deposit ECM components
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Five main cell types of atherosclerosis

A 
Endothelial
Monocyte/Macrophage
Lymphocyte
Platelet
Smooth Muscle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Main steps of atherosclerosis development.

A

Endothelial cell Injury/activation, adhesion of platelets and monocytes, secretion of inflamm cytokines, migration/proliferation of cells activated by cytokines, which secrete extracellular matrix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Earliest lesions to show up in atherosclerosis

A

Tiny accumulations leading into fatty streaks

Later in life these will raise and coalesce into plaques

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What the deal with plaques in the arteries?

A

Raised, Show evidence of extracellular lipid accumulation

Evidence of Migration/Proliferation of Smooth Muscle in Intima

17
Q

Where in vessels should you expect to see atherosclerosis?

A

Branching points ad ostia in vessels

18
Q

Effect of atherosclerosis on medium vessels?

A

Progressive luminal narrowing

Renal, Mesenteric, Cardiac, and CNS ischemia

19
Q

Effect of atherosclerosis in large vessels (aorta)?

A

Aneurysm

20
Q

Thrombotic events associated with fissuring/rupture of the atherosclerotic plaque are associated with…

A

Acute Infarction

21
Q

Four major risk factors for atherosclerosis?

A

Hypertension
Smoking
Hyperlipidemia/Cholesterol Levels
Diabetes

22
Q

Predictive assessment of cholesterol levels is best determined by…

A

Cholesterol/HDL ratio

23
Q

Other than the earlier mentioned main risk factors for athero., what else should you be looking for?

A 
Family History, Age, Sex
Obesity/Metabolic Syndrome
Stress
Lipoprotein (a)
Oral contraceptive use
Hypothyroidism, hyperuricemia
24
Q

_______ levels strongly predict the risk f MI

A

C-reactive proteins

25
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of athero. origin through smooth muscle migration

A

Endothelial Cell dysfunction -> Increased vascular permeability/enhanced monocyte binding –> Insudation of lipids –> Migration of Mono –> Secretion of IL1, TNF, PDGF–>Migration of Smooth Muscle

26
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of athero. from smooth muscle cell migration through when the shit hits the fan.

A

Migration/Proliferation of Smooth Muscle Cells –> Binding/Accumulation of lipid in macrophages/Smooth muscle cells –> Secretion of ECM and collagen by SMC –> Formation of Fibrous Cap –> Necrosis of Foam cells, further lipid deposits –> narrowed lumen and the shit

27
Q

What might the shit hitting the fan look like?

A 
Narrowed lumen
Loss of elastic tissue
Fissuring of the plaque
Embolism of lipid debris
Thrombosis
Hemorrhage
28
Q

Migrating smooth muscles move from _____ to _____

A

The media to the intima

29
Q

What are the lipid filled macrophages and smooth muscle cells called?

A

Foam Cells

30
Q

How do macrophages and SMCs get the lipids?

A

They take in oxidized LDL via scavenger receptors

31
Q

Examples of things toxic to endothelial cells

A

Smoking, homocysteine, diabetes

32
Q

Is accumulated lipid intracellular or extracellular?

A

BOTH!!

33
Q

How does accumulation of lipid happen?

A
  1. Insudation/Direct deposition from increase vascular perm.
  2. Binding of lipid to activated mac./SMC receptor
  3. Necrosis of Mac. and SMC, releasing lipid contents
34
Q

Most important receptor for binding of lipid to activated cells?

A

Scavenger receptor binds oxidized lipids

35
Q

Effect of oxidized lipids on monocytes?

A

Chemotactic for monocytes
Decrease motility
Increase inflammatory cytokine production

36
Q

__% of cholesterol is LDL

A

7

Pathology -- Cardiology (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions