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VASC 335 > Arterial Circulatory System > Flashcards

Arterial Circulatory System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the small vessel capilliaries in the tunica adventitia called?

A

Vasa vasorum

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2
Q

What do arterioles provide and how?

A

Provide resistance to blood flow by contraction of the smooth muscle.

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3
Q

What are arterioles known as in the vascular system?

A

“Stopcocks”

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4
Q

What arteries are considered “small and medium”?

A

All arteries except the aorta and its major branches.

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5
Q

What are small and medium arteries composed of?

A

Both smooth muscle layers as well as elastic and fibrous tissue.

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6
Q

What are large arteries composed of?

A

More elastic fibres and less smooth muscle cells than arterioles/smaller arteries/

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7
Q

What branches of the aorta are considered large arteries?

A
  1. Brachiocephalic
  2. Common carotids
  3. Subclavian
  4. Common iliacs
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8
Q

What arteries supply the brain?

A
  1. Two internal carotid arteries

2. Two vertebral arteries

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9
Q

What supplies the central nervous system with blood?

A

The great vessels coming off the aortic arch (brachiocephalic, left common carotid, left subclavian).

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10
Q

What is another name for the innominate artery?

A

The brachiocephalic

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11
Q

How does the innominate travel/divde and what does it divide into?

A

The innominate (brachiocephalic) travels superior and posterior from the aortic arch to the right side of the neck where is divides into the RCCA and the R subclavian.

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12
Q

Where does the brachiocephalic artery divide?

A

At the upper border of the right sternoclavicular junction.

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13
Q

How does the left CCA travel?

A

It ascends from the aortic arch and passes beneath the left sternoclavicular joint

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14
Q

Do the CCA’s have any branches?

A

No

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15
Q

Where does the CCA divide into the internal and external carotid arteries?

A

Where the vessel becomes enlarged (carotid bulb) at the upper border of the thyroid cartilage.

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16
Q

Where do the ICA bifurcate?

A

Once they enter the cranium

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17
Q

What do the ICA’s supply?

A

The anterior circulation of the cerebrum (brain).

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18
Q

Do the ICA have branches?

A

Not until they enter the cranium

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19
Q

What is the first branch of the ICA?

A

The ophthalmic artery

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20
Q

What are the segments of the ICA from proximal to distal?

A
  1. Cervical
  2. Petrous (through bone)
  3. Cavernous
  4. Supraclinoid
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21
Q

Where does the ophthalmic artery branch from the ICA?

A

At the carotid siphon

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22
Q

What is the carotid siphon?

A

The cavernous and supraclinoid segments of the ICA

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23
Q

What does the ICA bifurcate into?

A

In the cranium the ICA bifurcates into the middle cerebral artery and the anterior cerebral artery

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24
Q

If the ICA becomes occluded how is collateral flow created?

A

The ophthalmic artery anastomoses with the 3 branches of the ECA.

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25
Q

What 3 branches of the ECA can help with collateral flow in the event the ICA is occluded?

A
  1. Supraorbital (over eye)
  2. Frontal Artery (inner eye)
  3. Nasal artery (medial bridge of nose)
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26
Q

What does the nasal artery terminate as?

A

The angluar artery

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27
Q

What other artery also terminates near the nasal/angular artery?

A

Facial artery

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28
Q

What is the first branch of the ECA?

A

Superior thyroid

29
Q

When does the ECA provide flow to the brain?

A

In the event of an occlusion

30
Q

What ECA branches are most vital to collateral circulation?

A
  1. Ophthalmic artery

2. Arteries that interconnect between the muscular branches of the occipital and vertebral arteries

31
Q

What is the atlanto-occipital interspace?

A

Where C1 meet the skull and the vertebral arteries course into the subarachnoid space.

32
Q

Where do the vertebral arteries join and what do they form?

A

At the pontomedullary level to form the basilar artery

33
Q

What does the basilar artery contain?

A

4 branches that feed the pons and anterior ad posterior cerebellum

34
Q

What arteries join to form the circle of willis?

A

The cerebral branches of the internal carotid arteries and the vertebral arteries at the base of the brain

35
Q

What is the most important collateral circulation intercranially?

A

The circle of willis because it connects the anterior and posterior circulation

36
Q

What branch artery supplies most of the blood to the brain?

A

Anterior cerebral artery

37
Q

What is the most common congenital variation of the circle of willis out of how many?

A

Out of Nine

Absence or hypoplasia of one of the communicating arteries is the most common

38
Q

How may an obstuction of an artery affect flow in collateral pathways?

A
  1. Increase volume
  2. Increase velocity
  3. Reverse flow
  4. Varying pulsatility
39
Q

What muscle does the subclavian artery pass posterior to?

A

The scalenus anterior muscle

40
Q

Where does the subclavian artery become the axillary?

A

As it passes the lateral border of the first rib

41
Q

What does the axillary artery become and where?

A

The axillary artery becomes the brachial artery at the lower border of the teres major muscle in the axilla

42
Q

What branch comes off the brachial artery?

A

The profunda brachii artery

43
Q

What does the brachial artery bifurcate into and where?

A

The radial and ulnar arteries at the antecubital fossa

44
Q

What is the most common variant of the upper extremity arteries?

A

Common origin of the brachiocephalic (innom) and the left common carotid

45
Q

What are other variants of the UE?

A
  • High origin of the radial artery

- Duplicated brachial artery

46
Q

What are the rare but more common locations of stenosis in the UE?(5)

A
  • Prox subclav
  • Innom
  • Distal subclav
  • Axillary
  • Brachial or branches
47
Q

Where do the External iliacs become the common iliacs?

A

Inguinal ligament

48
Q

What does the Common femoral bifurcate into and where?

A

Superficial femoral artery and the deep femoral (profunda) 4cm distal to the inguinal ligament

49
Q

What is another name for the adductors canal and where is it?

A

Hunters canal (distal thigh)

50
Q

What are the small branches off of the popliteal artery?

A
  1. Gastocnemius
  2. Medial and lateral superior genicular
  3. Medual and lateral inferior genicular
  4. Middle genicular
51
Q

What does the popliteal bifurcate into?

A

The tibioperoneal trunk and the anterior tibial artery

52
Q

How does the anterior tibial artery course?

A

Anterior and lateral between the tibia and fibula

53
Q

What does the anterior tibial artery become?

A

The dorsalis pedis artery when it travels across the dorsal side of the foot

54
Q

What does the dorsalis pedis artery bifurcate into?

A

The metetarsal arteries

55
Q

What does the tibioperoneal trunk bifurcate into?

A

Posterior tibial artery and the peroneal artery

56
Q

How does the posterior tibia travel?

A

Posterior to the medial malleolus

57
Q

How does the peroneal artery travel?

A

Down the middle of the calf

58
Q

What does the posterior tibial artery bifurcate into?

A

The medial plantar and lateral plantar arteries of the foot.

59
Q

What is the most common anatomic variant of the LE?

A

Hypoplasia/aplasia of the anterior tibial artery

60
Q

What is the most common collateral route of a unilateral CIA obstruction?

A

The contralateral iliac/femoral provides flow through the pelvic arteries (hypogastric/internal iliac = most common)

61
Q

What makes up the tunica intima?

A

Endothelial lining with connective tissue behind.

62
Q

What makes up the tunica media?

A

Smooth muscle cells arranged circularly around the vessel (thickest layer).

63
Q

What makes up the tunica adventitia?

A

Connective tissue, nerve fibres and vasa vasorum.

64
Q

What are the most common collateral routes for a distal AO or bilateral CIA obstruction? (3)

A
  • Thoracic and abd wall arteries
  • Mesenteric arteries
  • Lumbar arteries
65
Q

What is the most common collateral route for an external iliac and CFA obstruction?

A

Ipsilateral pelvis and femoral artery branches

66
Q

What are the most common collateral routes for a deep femoral (profunda) obstruction? (3)

A
  • Prox ipsilateral pelvic and femoral arteries
  • Distal SFA
  • Popliteal
67
Q

What are the most common collateral routes for a SFA or Pop obstruction? (2)

A
  • Deep femoral branches

- Pop to trifurcation

68
Q

What are the most common collateral routes for a trifurcation (calf) obstruction? (2)

A
  • Prox calf branches

- Distal peoneal branches to ATA and PTA

VASC 335 (9 decks)

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